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. 2019 Dec 10;9:18746. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55018-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Digital elevation map of the Mekong Delta³⁰, including the salinity increase rates at multiple stations, the estimated sand mining volumes (scaled with surface area of the circles); The sand mining figures upstream of the VMD are extracted from previous publications¹⁰, but updated within the VMD; the top right panel shows three examples of salinity measurement and the P95 trend lines over 20 years; the top panel shows the names of the lower estuarine distributary channels of the Mekong Delta for reference (coord. system WGS84-UTM 48 N).