Fig. 1.

Linear and angular measurements for bony and soft tissue framework in lateral cephalometry. S (sella), midpoint of the fossa hypophysealis; N (nasion), anterior point at the frontonasal suture; A, the deepest anterior point in the concavity of the anterior maxilla; B, the deepest anterior point in the concavity of the anterior mandible; PNS (posterior nasal spine), the most posterior point on the nasal spine; Go (gonion), a mid-point at the gonial angle located by bisecting the posterior and inferior borders of the mandible; Gn (gnathion), the most anteroinferior point on the chin bone; Me (menton), the most inferior point on the chin bone; P, the inferior tip of the soft palate; H, the most anterosuperior point on the hyoid bone; MP (mandibular plane), a tangent line from Me to the inferior mandibular border