Table 2.

Comparison of Semen Parameters and Sperm Morphological Defects of Individuals Carrying Mutations in TTC29 (n = 5) versus Other MMAF-Affected Subjects of the Cohort (n = 162)

	General Semen Characteristics						Flagellum Defects					Head Defects				Acrosome Defects
	Volume (mL)	Total Sperm Count (×106)	Total Motility	Progressive Motility	Vitality	Typical Forms	Absent	Short	Irregular	Coiled	Bent	Tapered	Thin	Micro-cephalic	Macro-cephalic	Acrosomal Region∗	Post-acrosomal Region
TTC29 mutated individuals	40.5 ± 3.1 (n’ = 5)	70 ± 61.3 (n’ = 5)	4.2 ± 4.3 (n’ = 5)	1.0 ± 1.0 (n’ = 5)	70.8 ± 12.7 (n’ = 5)	0.0 ± 0.0 (n’ = 5)	11.4 ± 12.4 (n’ = 5)	52.6 ± 36.7 (n’ = 5)	25.8 ± 27.0 (n’ = 5)	6.4 ± 6.2 (n’ = 5)	4.5 ± 9.0 (n’ = 4)	10.2 ± 10.1 (n’ = 5)	14.2 ± 23.3 (n’ = 5)	5.2 ± 5.2 (n’ = 5)	0.4 ± 0.8 (n’ = 5)	63.2 ± 45.5 (n’ = 4)	20.0 ± 15.7 (n’ = 4)
Other MMAF individuals	40.3 ± 7.4 (n’ = 116)	62.2 ± 69.4 (n’ = 148)	4.6 ± 6.9 (n’ = 153)	2.0 ± 4.5 (n’ = 153)	56.2 ± 23.0 (n’ = 150)	1.2 ± 3.2 (n’ = 150)	14.9 ± 15.2 (n’ = 141)	50.8 ± 29.0 (n’ = 147)	26.4 ± 26.9 (n’ = 142)	11.1 ± 9.9 (n’ = 144)	3.7 ± 7.6 (n’ = 96)	16.0 ± 17.6 (n’ = 139)	6.3 ± 10.0 (n’ = 136)	4.7 ± 6.6 (n’ = 138)	0.6 ± 1.3 (n’ = 137)	50.2 ± 37.8 (n’ = 140)	20.9 ± 22.66 (n’ = 136)
p Value	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05	>0.05

Values are expressed in percent, unless specified otherwise. Values are mean ± SD; n = total number of individuals in each group; n′ = number of individuals used to calculate the average based on available data. We compared statistical differences between MMAF due to TTC29 mutations versus MMAF (multiple morphological abnormalities of the flagella) due to other known or unknown causes. Statistical analysis: unpaired t test was used to compare the two groups.