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. 2019 Nov 14;105(6):1168–1181. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.10.010

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Expression Analysis of TTC29 mRNA and Location of TTC29 Protein in Sperm Flagella

(A) The expression of TTC29 mRNA in the spermatozoa from a normal control and men harboring TTC29 mutations. RT-qPCR assays suggested that the level of TTC29 mRNA was reduced significantly in the sperm from men harboring TTC29 mutations when compared to the level in sperm from a normal control man. Data represent the means ± standard error of the means (SEM) of three independent experiments. Two-tailed Student’s paired or unpaired t tests were used as appropriate. ∗∗∗p < 0.001.

(B) Immunoblotting analysis of TTC29 protein in sperm lysates from a normal control and from men harboring TTC29 mutations (A002 IV-1 and A038 IV-1). β-actin was used as a loading control.

(C) TTC29 immunostaining in human spermatozoa from a normal control and from men harboring TTC29 mutations. Sperm cells were stained with anti-TTC29 (red) and anti-α-tubulin (green) antibodies. DNA was counterstained with DAPI as a nuclei marker. TTC29 staining is concentrated at the base of sperm flagella and faintly along flagella in the fertile control but is almost absent in the sperm flagella of men harboring TTC29 mutations. Scale bars: 5 μm.