Table 2.
Pooled Prevalence of Primary and Secondary Antibiotic Resistance, Stratified by World Health Organization Region
| WHO region | Pooled prevalence of antibiotic resistance, % (95% CI) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africa region | Clarithromycin | Metronidazole | Levofloxacin | Cla+Met | Amoxicillin | Tetracycline |
| Overall | 15 (0–30) | 91 (87–94) | 14 (12–28) | — | 38 (32–45) | 13 (9–17) |
| Americas region | Clarithromycina | Metronidazole | Levofloxacin | Cla+Met | Amoxicillin | Tetracycline |
| Primary | 10 (4–16) | 23 (2–44) | 15 (5–16) | — | 10 (2–19) | — |
| Secondary | 18 (13–23) | 30 (19–41) | 22 (3–42) | — | 7 (1–13) | — |
| Not specifiedb | — | — | — | 3 (0–13)c | — | 4 (1–11)c |
| Overall | 14 (9–19) | 27 (14–39) | 14 (12–28) | 3 (0–13)c | 8 (3–13) | 4 (1–11)c |
| Eastern Mediterranean region | Clarithromycin | Metronidazole | Levofloxacin | Cla+Met | Amoxicillin | Tetracycline |
| Primary | 33 (23–44) | 56 (46–66) | 19 (10–29) | 19 (0–39) | 14 (8–20) | 10 (4–15) |
| Secondary | 17 (10–27) | 65 (54–74)c | 30 (14–46) | 11 (6–20) | 10 (5–18)c | 17 (8–26) |
| Not specifiedb | 25 (17–32) | 67 (61–72) | — | 8 (4–11) | 15 (8–22) | — |
| Overall | 29 (23–25) | 61 (55–67) | 23 (14–32) | 14 (5–23) | 14 (10–18) | 10 (8–13) |
| European region | Clarithromycina | Metronidazolea | Levofloxacina | Cla+Meta | Amoxicillin | Tetracycline |
| Primary | 18 (16–20) | 32 (27–36) | 11 (9–13) | 1 (0–2) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) |
| Secondary | 48 (38–57) | 48 (38–58) | 19 (14–24) | 18 (16–20) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–1) |
| Not specifiedb | 33 (26–39) | 47 (35–39) | 14 (10–18) | 7 (0–13) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) |
| Overall | 32 (25–31) | 38 (33–42) | 14 (12–16) | 15 (12–18) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) |
| Southeast Asia region | Clarithromycin | Metronidazolea | Levofloxacina | Cla+Met | Amoxicillin | Tetracycline |
| Primary | 10 (5–16) | 51 (26–76) | 30 (14–46) | — | 2 (0–5) | 0 (0–1) |
| Secondary | 15 (8–27)c | 44 (32–58)c | 24 (15–37) | — | — | — |
| Not specifiedb | 25 (0–55) | 80 (57–100) | 5 (3–11) | 6 (1–10) | 28 (0–62) | 1 (1–2) |
| Overall | 17 (6–28) | 59 (40–78) | 25 (13–28) | 6 (1–10) | 12 (6–17) | 0 (0–12) |
| Western Pacific region | Clarithromycina | Metronidazolea | Levofloxacin | Cla+Meta | Amoxicillin | Tetracyclinea |
| Primary | 34 (30–38) | 47 (37–57) | 22 (17–28) | 8 (6–10) | 1 (1–1) | 2 (1–2) |
| Secondary | 67 (54–80) | 62 (50–71) | 30 (20–39) | 13 (8–18) | 1 (1–2) | 0 (0–1) |
| Not specifiedb | 25 (21–29) | 69 (64–74) | 19 (17–21) | 14 (11–18) | 1 (1–2) | 10 (7–14) |
| Overall | 34 (30–38) | 55 (51–59) | 24 (21–26) | 11 (9–13) | 1 (1–1) | 2 (1–2) |
Cla+Met, combined resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole.
a
P value for subgroup comparison <.05.
b
Not specified: the study did not report the type of resistance.
c
Only one study contributed to analysis.