Table 3.
Subgroup Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance by Time Period, Stratified by World Health Organization Region
| WHO region, time period | Pooled prevalence of antibiotic resistance, % (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Americas region | Clarithromycin | Metronidazole | Levofloxacin | Cla+Met |
| 2006–2008 | 11 (3–19) | 26 (10–42) | — | — |
| 2009–2011 | 9 (2–15)a | 21 (13–33) | 11 (5–16) | — |
| 2012–2016 | 20 (12–28) | 29 (0–59) | 19 (11–27) | — |
| Eastern Mediterranean region | Clarithromycin | Metronidazole | Levofloxacin | Cla+Metb |
| 2006–2008 | 29 (18–39) | 57 (47–68) | 12 (4–20) | 2 (0–5) |
| 2009–2011 | 25 (12–38) | 67 (56–68) | 32 (12–51) | 20 (4–37) |
| 2012–2016 | 32 (24–41) | 60 (49–71) | 24 (6–41) | 14 (8–21)a |
| European region | Clarithromycinb | Metronidazole | Levofloxacin | Cla+Met |
| 2006–2008 | 28 (24–32) | 38 (33–43) | 15 (12–18) | 15 (10–20) |
| 2009–2011 | 23 (20–27) | 33 (25–40) | 13 (9–17) | 12 (8–15) |
| 2012–2016 | 28 (25–31) | 46 (34–58) | 12 (8–15) | 23 (11–36) |
| Southeast Asia region | Clarithromycinb | Metronidazoleb | Levofloxacinb | Cla+Met |
| 2006–2008 | 13 (4–22) | 99 (98–100) | — | — |
| 2009–2011 | 0 (0–4)a | 63 (57–68) | 5 (3–11)a | — |
| 2012–2016 | 21 (1–42) | 53 (30–77) | 29 (16–42) | — |
| Western Pacific region | Clarithromycin | Metronidazole | Levofloxacinb | Cla+Metb |
| 2006–2008 | 32 (16–47) | 52 (29–76) | 12 (8–17) | 4 (2–6) |
| 2009–2011 | 34 (25–43) | 54 (44–64) | 16 (13–20) | 8 (5–11) |
| 2012–2016 | 35 (30–40) | 57 (52–62) | 31 (27–36) | 14 (11–17) |
NOTE. Data for amoxicillin and tetracycline were not pooled by time-period due to the lack of studies.
Cla+Met, combined resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole.
a
Only one observation contributed to analysis.
b
P value for subgroup comparison <.05