Table 4.
Detailed results of univariate analysis for variables of interest
| Variables | Case, n = 54 (%) | Control, n = 429,375(%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | < 0.001 | ||
| Male | 41 (75.9) | 214,501 (50) | |
| Female | 13 (24.1) | 214,874 (50) | |
| Age (year) | |||
| 15–44 | 22 (40.7) | 235,657 (54.9) | 0.101 |
| 45–64 | 24 (44.4) | 137,779 (32.1) | |
| ≥ 65 | 8 (14.8) | 55,939 (13) | |
| Region | 0.728 | ||
| Eastern | 27 (50) | 193,223 (45) | |
| Middle | 9 (16.7) | 85,630 (19.9) | |
| Western | 18 (33.3) | 150,522 (35.1) | |
| Urbanization | 0.213 | ||
| Rural area | 17 (31.5) | 258,563 (60.2) | |
| Urban area | 37 (68.5) | 170,812 (39.8) | |
| Ethnicity | 0.158 | ||
| Han | 53 (98.1) | 400,874 (93.4) | |
| Other | 1 (1.9) | 28,501 (6.6) | |
| BMI | 0.015 | ||
| 18.5–23.9 | 27 (50) | 282,433 (65.8) | |
| 24–27.9 | 18 (33.3) | 102,964 (24) | |
| ≥ 28 | 6 (11.1) | 17,730 (4.1) | |
| < 18.5 | 3 (5.6) | 26,248 (6.1) | |
| Education | 0.038 | ||
| Illiterate | 16 (29.6) | 74,774 (17.4) | |
| Primary school | 23 (42.6) | 162,924 (37.9) | |
| Junior high school | 11 (20.4) | 134,891 (31.4) | |
| Senior high school or above | 4 (7.4) | 56,786 (13.2) | |
| Occupation | 0.032 | ||
| Unemployed | 1 (1.9) | 32,590 (7.6) | |
| Office worker | 2 (3.7) | 61,747 (14.4) | |
| Manual worker | 25 (46.3) | 148,165 (34.5) | |
| Farmer | 19 (35.2) | 105,960 (24.7) | |
| Retired | 4 (7.4) | 30,197 (7) | |
| Students | 1 (1.9) | 34,833 (8.1) | |
| Other | 2 (3.7) | 15,883 (3.7) | |
| Meat and product | |||
| Never or seldom | 9 (16.7) | 22,000 (5.1) | < 0.001 |
| Always | 28 (51.9) | 216,500 (50.4) | |
| Often | 9 (16.7) | 130,155 (30.3) | |
| Occasionally | 8 (14.8) | 60,720 (14.1) | |
| Seldom | 9 (16.7) | 19,448 (4.5) | |
| Dairy and product | 0.944 | ||
| Never | 29 (53.7) | 210,279 (49.0) | |
| Always | 9 (16.7) | 69,907 (16.3) | |
| Often | 8 (14.8) | 76,218 (17.8) | |
| Occasionally | 8 (14.8) | 72,971 (17) | |
| Bean product | 0.099 | ||
| Never or seldom | 7 (13.0) | 47,925 (11.1) | |
| Always | 13 (24.1) | 80,682 (18.8) | |
| Often | 16 (29.6) | 200,433 (46.7) | |
| Occasionally | 18 (33.3) | 100,335 (23.4) | |
| Alcohol consumption | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 19 (35.2) | 289,344 (67.4) | |
| Yes | 35 (64.8) | 140,031 (32.6) | |
| Cigarette smoking | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 24 (44.4) | 324,652 (75.6) | |
| Yes | 30 (55.6) | 104,723 (24.4) | |
| Carbonate beverages | 0.265 | ||
| Never or seldom | 33 (61.1) | 310,164 (72.3) | |
| Always | 1 (1.9) | 4766 (1.1) | |
| Often | 3 (5.6) | 58,481 (13.6) | |
| Occasionally | 6 (11.1) | 55,964 (13) | |
| Coffee | 0.160 | ||
| No | 53 (98.1) | 401,055 (93.4) | |
| Yes | 1 (1.9) | 28,320 (6.6) | |
| Tea | 0.093 | ||
| Never or seldom | 23 (42.6) | 255,980 (59.6) | |
| Always | 18 (33.3) | 103,425 (24.1) | |
| Often | 8 (14.8) | 41,056 (9.6) | |
| Occasionally | 5 (9.3) | 28,914 (6.7) | |
| Living circumstance | 0.523 | ||
| Single-storey house | 24 (44.4) | 170,315 (39.7) | |
| House ≤ 7 storey | 28 (51.9) | 227,535 (53) | |
| House > 7 storey | 2 (3.7) | 31,525 (7.3) | |
| Calcium or vitamin D supplement or both | 0.025 | ||
| No | 47 (87) | 404,323 (94.2) | |
| Yes | 7 (13) | 25,052 (5.8) | |
| Average sleep time (hours) per day | < 0.001 | ||
| ≥ 7 | 20 (37) | 280,212 (65.3) | |
| < 7 | 34 (63) | 149,163 (34.7) | |
| Previous history of fracture | < 0.001 | ||
| No | 48 (88.9) | 419,666 (97.7) | |
| Yes | 6 (11.1) | 9709 (2.3) | |