Table 3.
Relationship Between Predictors and Number of ED Visits in 20091 (n=6284)
| Bivariate model (A) | Multivariable model with demographics & service characteristics (B) |
Full multivariable model (C) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | RR (95%CI) |
P value |
RR (95% CI) |
P value |
RR (95% CI) |
P value |
| FQHC status2: | ||||||
| Non-FQHC | ref | ref | ref | |||
| FQHC | 1.11 (0.97-1.27) | 0.135 | 1.11 (0.96-1.28) | 0.169 | 1.00(0.87-1.15) | 0.997 |
| No outpatient use | 1.07 (0.81-1.40) | 0.65 | .87 (0.58-1.32) | 0.516 | 0.97 (0.67-1.38) | 0.847 |
| Demographics2: | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 18-29 | ref | ref | ||||
| 30-39 | 1.10 (0.81-1.49) | 0.545 | 1.05 (0.78-1.43) | 0.732 | ||
| 40-49 | 1.03 (0.80-1.31) | 0.832 | 0.99 (0.77-1.27) | 0.915 | ||
| 50-59 | 0.95 (0.73-1.23) | 0.685 | 0.85 (0.65-1.12) | 0.249 | ||
| ≥60 | 0.88 (0.65-1.19) | 0.406 | 0.80 (0.59-1.10) | 0.167 | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | ref | ref | ||||
| Male | 0.91 (0.79-1.04) | 0.170 | 0.94 (0.82-1.07) | 0.346 | ||
| Race | ||||||
| White | ref | ref | ||||
| African American | 1.12 (0.97-1.30) | 0.131 | 1.12 (0.98-1.29) | 0.104 | ||
| Hispanic | 0.92 (0.70-1.20) | 0.528 | 0.99 (0.76-1.27) | 0.913 | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 0.59 (0.40-0.89) | 0.012 | 0.62 (0.40-0.94) | 0.025 | ||
| Other/unknown | 1.02 (0.82-1.28) | 0.845 | 1.11 (0.88-1.40) | 0.379 | ||
| Urban residence | 1.53 (1.19-1.95) | 0.001 | 1.46 (1.14-1.88) | 0.003 | ||
| ZIP code income (per $10000) | 0.96 (0.90-1.02) | 0.181 | 0.96 (0.91-1.02) | 0.159 | ||
| % HS graduates in ZIP code | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) | 0.292 | 1.01 (1.00-1.01) | 0.132 | ||
| % College graduates in ZIP code | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | 0.998 | 1.00 (0.99-1.00) | 0.569 | ||
| Service characteristics2: | ||||||
| Enrolled in managed care | 0.79 (0.66-0.94) | 0.010 | 0.83 (0.71-0.98) | 0.029 | ||
| Provider HIV experience | ||||||
| <5 patients | ref | ref | ||||
| 5-49 patients | 0.81 (0.59-1.12) | 0.203 | 0.80 (0.60-1.07) | 0.133 | ||
| ≥50 patients | 0.74 (0.53-1.05) | 0.088 | 0.72 (0.54-0.96) | 0.026 | ||
| Medical characteristics2: | ||||||
| Any mental health diagnosis | 1.43 (1.28-1.61) | <0.001 | ||||
| Any substance abuse diagnosis | 1.58 (1.38-1.81) | <0.001 | ||||
| Tobacco | 2.12 (1.40-3.20) | <0.001 | ||||
| Any medical comorbidity | 1.51 (1.35-1.69) | <0.001 | ||||
| On ART | 0.85 (0.71-1.02) | 0.076 | ||||
| Model constant | 3.46 (3.15-3.80) | <0.001 | 2.83 (1.43-5.62) | 0.003 | 2.02 (1.00-4.09) | 0.049 |
1
Based on Poisson portion of zero-inflated Poisson models; relating to visit counts among potential ED users
2
Demographics are from 2009; FQHC status, service and medical characteristics are from 2008
Abbreviations: RR: rate ratio, CI: confidence interval, FQHC: Federally Qualified Health Center, HS: high school, ART: antiretroviral therapy