Table 1.

Attenuated bacterial strains used for cancer therapy

Bacteria	Strains	Mutated/modified genes	Phenotype description	References
Salmonella Typhimurium	A1-R	∆leu/∆arg	Auxotrophic strain defective in leucine and arginine synthesis	22
	VNP20009	∆msbB/∆purI	Lipid A structure modification, reduced ability to induce TNF-α production; deficiency in adenine synthesis	2
	SHJ2037	∆relA/∆spoT	Unable to produce ppGpp (a global regulator involved in bacterial adaptation to extreme environments); reduction in bacterial invasion	6,20,21
	SL3261	aro-	Defective in aromatic amino-acid biosynthesis	83
	SL7207			84
	BRD509			85
	YB1			105
	LH430; VNP (Pho/Q-)	∆phoP/∆phoQ	Reduced bacterial survival in macrophages	60,163
	MvP728	∆purD/∆htrA	Defective in purine biosynthesis and heat-shock protein production in response to stress stimuli	88
	YB1; ST8	∆asd	Defective in diaminopimelic acid (DAP) synthesis, leading to bacterial lysis during growth without an exogenous DAP supply	105,164
	c4550	∆cya/∆crp	Disabled production of cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) synthetase and cAMP receptor protein	165
	SF200; S364	∆pagP/∆pagL/∆lpxR	Homogenous hexa-acylated lipid A, triggers immune stimulation in the host	57,58
	RE88	∆dam	Defective in DNA adenine methylase production	69
	SB824	∆sptP	Defective in pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1)	166
	ST8	∆gmd	Limited ability to spread beyond the anaerobic regions of tumors	164
	SF200	rfa-	Highly truncated LPS and attenuated bacterial virulence	167
	MPO378	∆purD/∆upp	Defective in purine biosynthesis and uracil phosphoribosyl transferase	168
Listeria monocytogenes	DP-L4027	∆LLO (hly)	Defective phagolysosome release	71
	DP-L4029	∆actA	Defective surface-bound ActA polypeptide, constitutive LLO activity at physiologic pH	73
	DP-L4017	LLO L461T, LLOD26	Cytotoxic, defective cell-to-cell spreading	52
	DP-L4042	∆PEST	Cytotoxic, defective cell-to-cell spreading	74
	DP-L4097	LLO S44A	Cytotoxic, defective cell-to-cell spreading	72
	DP-L4364	∆lplA	Unable to produce lipoate protein ligase, limited ability to proliferate intracellularly	169
	DP-L4405	∆inlA	Impaired InlA-mediated infection	75
	DP-L4406	∆nlB	Impaired InlB-mediated infection
	CS-L0001	∆actA/∆inlB	No host actin nucleation, defective cell-to-cell spreading	76
	CS-L0002	∆actA/∆lplA
	CS-L0003	L461T/∆lplA	Unable to produce lipoate protein ligase, limited ability to proliferate intracellularly; abortive infection: defective cell-to-cell infection
	DP-L4038	∆actA/L461T LLO	Defective surface-bound ActA polypeptide, constitutive LLO activity at physiologic pH	52
	DP-L4384	S44A/L461T	Defective cell-to-cell spreading