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. 2019 Dec 11;51(12):154. doi: 10.1038/s12276-019-0316-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Innate inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-18 and IL-15, are crucial for inducing bystander activation during infection. While signaling through IL-18R may contribute to protective immunity via IFN-γ secretion, signaling through IL-15R may lead to immunopathology via NKG2D-dependent cytotoxicity. IL-18R, interleukin-18 receptor; IL-15R, interleukin-15 receptor