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. 2019 Dec 11;9:18801. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55295-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Macrophages activated using higher concentrations of Poly(I:C) are functioning near their maximum glycolytic capacity. BMMs were seeded onto Seahorse XFp miniplates and treated with 100 ng/mL LPS, 10 ng/mL or 10 μg/mL PIC for 18 hours. Glycolytic activity, indicated by the proton efflux rate (PER) was measured using sequential injections of rotenone plus antimycin A (Rot/AA) and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) (a), determining the %PER dependent on glycolysis (b) and the ratio of mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (mitoOCR) to glycolytic PER (c). Data represents mean ± SEM of four individual mice. The levels of significance shown in (a) represent pairwise comparisons against LPS-treated macrophages (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001).