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. 2019 Dec 11;9:18801. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55295-4

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Low glucose conditions are associated with increased IRF activation and increased type I IFN production. Macrophages were stimulated with either 100 ng/mL LPS or 10 ng/mL PIC for 18 hours under high glucose (25 mM) or low glucose (0.5 mM) media conditions. Supernatant was collected for assessing antiviral (IFN-α, IFN-β, CXCL10) (a–c) and pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6) cytokine (d,e) expression. Cell lysates were harvested to quantify p-IRF3 and total IRF3 (f), p-IRF7 and total IRF7 (g) and p-Iκbα and total Iκbα (h) expression via immunoblotting. Data represents mean ± SEM of four individual mice (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001). For visualization purposes, the western blot images were cropped, but full-length blots and gel images can be found in Supplemental Fig. S5.