Table 1.
Demographic and neuropsychological characteristics of volunteers that participated in the image recognition task.
| Healthy controls (n = 25) | PD-all (n = 32) | PD-nonVH (n = 16) | PD-VH (n = 16) | P- value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Healthy controls vs. PD-all | PD-VH vs. PD-nonVH | |
| Age (years)a | 68.24 (4.67) | 70.34 (6.36) | 70.19 (6.92) | 70.50 (5.92) | = 0.17 | = 0.89 |
| Gender (female/male)c, n(%) | 5 (20%) / 20 (80%) | 9 (28%) / 23 (72%) | 4 (25%) / 12 (75%) | 5(31%)/ 11 (69%) | = 0.48 | = 0.69 |
| Years of postsecondary educationb | 3.82 (2.35) | 3.56 (2.10) | 3.59 (2.09) | 3.53 (2.17) | = 0.76 | = 0.47 |
| MMSEb | 29.16 (1.07) | 28.59 (1.21) | 28.87 (1.03) | 28.31 (1.35) | = 0.06 | = 0.25 |
| Hoehn and Yahr stageb | – | 2.13 (0.81) | 1.88 (0.79) | 2.38 (0.79) | – | = 0.10 |
| Disease durationb | – | 7.20 (6.22) | 4.61 (3.68) | 9.78 (7.22) | – | = 0.007* |
| UPDRS IIIa | – | 23.78 (9.97) | 20.94 (10.64) | 26.63 (8.67) | – | = 0.11 |
| LEDDa, mg=day | – | 591.76 (353.84) | 385.53 (253.42) | 797.98 (322.19) | – | = 0.0004* |
| UM-PDHQ | – | – | – | 9.13 (2.53) | – | – |
| BDIb | 3.16 (2.70) | 8.44 (5.55) | 7.75 (5.50) | 9.13 (5.69) | = 0.00005† | = 0.45 |
| Visual acuity (%)b | 97.20 (6.78) | 93.75 (9.42) | 95.00 (8.94) | 92.50 (10.00) | = 0.16 | = 0.45 |
| Mars Letters Contrast Sensitivity Testb | 1.76 (0.05) | 1.71 (0.09) | 1.74 (0.08) | 1.68 (0.10) | = 0.009† | = 0.11 |
a
t-test; bMann-Whitney-U-Test; BDI, Beck's, Depression Inventory; cchi-square-test; HC, healthy controls; LEDD, levodopa-equivalent daily dose; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; PD, Parkinson patients; PD-nonVH, Parkinson patients without visual hallucinations; PD-VH, Parkinson patients with visual hallucinations; UM-PDHQ, University of Miami Parkinson's disease Hallucinations Questionnaire; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale; †HC vs. PD p < 0.05; *PD-nonVH vs. PD-VH p < 0.05.