Figure 5.

The Th1 and 2 cell subsets and macrophages are regulated during their differentiation. In lymphedema, the activity of DCs in the lymphatic tissues is suppressed, which decreases the ability of IFN-γ to inhibit differentiation of Th2 cells. Fibrosis is promoted in response to chronic inflammation driven by Th2 cells and M2 macrophages. LVA is considered to neutralize chronic inflammation by allowing more DCs to return into the circulation, thereby improving wound healing. IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; Th, T helper.