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Schematic illustration of the preventive effect of TGR5 against HG-induced injury in cardiomyocytes. HG induces ROS production and expression of proinflammatory cytokine, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, resulting in inflammation and apoptosis. Activation of TGR5 attenuates HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury partially by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and activating the Nrf2 pathway.
