Table 5.

Statistical characteristics of SWE parameters for the facial skin, along with proposed reference ranges

Age [years]	Statistical characteristics					Reference ranges
	Mean	SD	Median	Min.	Max.	–95% CI	+95% CI	–2 SD	+2 SD
Forehead – dermis:
40–49	17.7	1.8	17.4	14.6	22.0	17.2	18.1	14.1	21.2
50–59	14.3	1.2	14.0	13.0	17.0	14.0	14.7	11.9	16.8
≥ 60	11.5	1.7	11.8	9.0	15.0	10.9	12.2	8.1	14.9
Forehead – subcutaneous tissue:
40–49	15.5	2.9	15.0	11.0	21.0	14.8	16.3	9.7	21.3
50–59	12.7	2.1	12.0	9.0	19.0	12.2	13.3	8.6	16.9
≥ 60	10.7	1.7	11.0	8.0	14.0	10.0	11.3	7.2	14.1
Suborbital region – dermis:
40–49	17.9	2.0	18.0	13.0	21.0	17.4	18.4	14.0	21.8
50–59	12.7	2.5	12.6	7.0	20.0	12.0	13.3	7.7	17.6
≥ 60	11.7	1.9	11.0	8.8	16.0	11.0	12.5	7.8	15.6
Suborbital region – subcutaneous tissue:
40–49	16.4	2.8	16.0	8.0	25.0	15.6	17.1	10.7	22.0
50–59	11.7	2.5	11.0	7.0	19.0	11.1	12.4	6.8	16.7
≥ 60	10.6	2.1	10.0	8.0	16.0	9.8	11.5	6.3	14.9
Cheek – dermis:
40–49	16.6	2.5	16.1	10.0	21.0	16.0	17.3	11.7	21.6
50–59	13.2	2.4	13.0	9.0	22.0	12.5	13.8	8.4	18.0
≥ 60	11.4	2.0	11.0	7.8	16.0	10.7	12.2	7.4	15.5
Cheek – subcutaneous tissue:
40–49	13.9	3.0	14.0	8.0	21.0	13.1	14.6	7.8	19.9
50–59	11.5	2.0	11.0	8.0	19.8	11.0	12.0	7.5	15.5
≥ 60	10.0	2.3	9.4	6.0	15.6	9.1	10.9	5.4	14.5
Nasolabial fold – dermis:
40–49	18.9	1.5	19.0	17.0	23.0	18.5	19.3	16.0	21.8
50–59	15.3	1.5	15.0	12.0	20.0	14.9	15.7	12.3	18.3
≥ 60	11.7	1.8	11.0	9.0	16.0	11.0	12.4	8.0	15.4
Nasolabial fold – subcutaneous tissue:
40–49	9.3	1.4	9.0	7.0	13.0	8.9	9.7	6.6	12.1
50–59	6.2	0.9	6.0	5.0	8.0	6.0	6.4	4.4	8.0
≥ 60	5.3	0.7	5.0	4.0	6.4	5.0	5.6	3.9	6.7
Chin – dermis:
40–49	19.3	1.7	19.0	16.0	25.0	18.7	20.0	15.8	22.8
50–59	15.3	1.1	15.0	13.0	18.0	14.9	15.7	13.0	17.6
≥ 60	8.9	1.7	9.2	5.5	11.0	7.9	9.8	5.5	12.2
Chin – subcutaneous tissue:
40–49	15.4	2.2	15.0	11.0	21.0	14.6	16.3	10.9	19.9
50–59	12.6	1.8	13.0	8.8	18.0	11.9	13.3	9.0	16.2
≥ 60	8.5	1.3	9.0	6.0	10.0	7.8	9.2	6.0	11.0