Table 1.

Clinical trials in SCI with neurophysiological outcome measures

	Year	Study design	Population	Sample size	Intervention	Comparison	Outcome of interest
da Silva et al43	2018	RCT	Chronic SCI AIS B-D	N=25	Photomodulation + PT	Placebo + PT	EMG
				(I=13, C=12)
Piazza et al25	2018	Controlled trial	Chronic SCI AIS A-D + healthy controls	N=28	ES cycling in SCI	ES cycling in healthy controls	H-reflex
				(SCI=15, Healthy C=13)
Zhao et al44	2017	Pre-post	Chronic SCI AIS A	N=8	Human umbilical cord mesenchymal cells	NA	MEPs
Allison et al35	2017	RCT	Chronic SCI AIS A-D	N=20	Anti-inflammatory diet	No intervention	NCS
				(I=12, C=8)
Nardone et al21	2017	RCT	Chronic SCI AIS C-D	N=10	Active rTMS	Sham rTMS	H-reflex, MEPs
				(I=5, C=5)
Vaquero et al37	2017	Pre-post	Chronic SCI AIS B-D	N=10	Mesenchymal stromal stem cells	NA	EMG, MEPs, NCS, SSEPs
Radhakrishna et al45	2017	RCT + crossover trial	Chronic SCI AIS A-B	N=45	Spinalon™ (dose escalation study with 8 groups)	Placebo	EMG
Trumbower et al12	2017	Randomized crossover design	Chronic SCI AIS C-D	N=6	Hypoxia + hand opening practices	Normoxia + hand opening practices	EMG
Osuagwu et al46	2016	RCT	Subacute SCI AIS B-C	N=12	BCI+FES	FES	SSEPs
				(I=7, C=5)
Vaquero et al11	2016	Pre-post	Chronic SCI AIS A	N=12	Mesenchymal stems cells	NA	EMG, MEPs, SSEPs
Oh et al47	2016	Pre-post	Chronic SCI AIS B	N=16	Mesenchymal stems cells	NA	MEPs, SSEPs
Lynch et al48	2016	Randomized crossover trial	Chronic SCI	N=10	Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) + ibuprofen	AIH + placebo	EMG
Khan et al28	2016	Randomized crossover trial	Chronic SCI Incomplete motor	N=20	Endurance gait training	Precision gait training	CMR
Chhabra et al49	2016	RCT	Acute SCI AIS A	N=21	Autologous bone marrow stem cells	No stem cells	MEPs, SSEPs
				(I=14, C=7)
Hur et al36	2016	Pre-post	Subacute & chronic SCI AIS A, B, D	N=14	Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells	NA	EMG, MEPs, NCS, SSEPs
Wang et al50	2016	RCT	Chronic SCI AIS A	N=12	Surgical neural release and partial scar excision + OLP transplantation	Surgical neural release and partial scar excision	H-reflex and SSEPs
				(I=8, C=4)
Shin et al19	2015	Controlled trial	Acute, subacute, and chronic SCI AIS A-B	N=36	Human fetal brain-derived neural stem cells	No stem cells	MEPs, SSEPs
				(I=19, C=15)
Zewdie et al29	2015	Randomized crossover trial	Chronic SCI AIS C-D	N=16	Endurance training	Precision training	CMR, EMG, MEPs
Gomes-Osman et al9	2015	Randomized crossover design	Chronic SCI AIS C-D	N=24	Vibration, TENS, tDCS	Vibration, TENS, tDCS	MEPs
Gomes-Osman et al8	2015	RCT+ crossover trial	Chronic SCI + healthy controls	N=21	rTMS+ repetitive task practice (RTP)	sham-rTMS+RTP	MEPs
				(I=11, healthy controls=10)