Table 1-.

Current Management Strategies to Improve Self-Efficacy.

Management Category	General Description	Select Programs	Effect on Self-Efficacy
Self-Management	Group or online-based programs that encourage understanding of disease, centralize the role of the individual in managing symptoms, emotions, and medications, and promote healthy lifestyle behaviors such as diet and exercise.	Arthritis Self-Management Program, First Step to Active Health, PLE2NO	Self-management strategies may mediate the association of self-efficacy with physical activity.
Mindfulness Based Interventions	Group-based therapies that are usually 8-weeks or longer in length designed to train individuals to cultivate mindfulness through present-moment awareness and without judgement. Programs typically include traditional seated meditations, whole-body scans, gentle yoga, and various exercises to cope with pain, bodily sensations, and emotions.	Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (office), Vitality Training Programme, Internal Family Systems, Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Training	Mindfulness may improve self-efficacy via emotion regulation and positive reappraisal.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy	Individualized psychotherapy that may be online or in-person; focuses on the relationship between thoughts, physical signs/symptoms, and behaviors.	(Traditional) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Pain Coping Skills Training	CBT may improve self-efficacy through restructuring of maladaptive thoughts and behaviors with a focus on symptom prediction and symptom control.