Table 1.

Comparison of indoor positioning approaches

Indoor positioning technology	Infrastructure	Hardware	Popular measurement methods	Popular techniques	Accuracy
Computer vision	Dedicated infrastructure not required	Camera or inbuilt camera of smartphone	Pattern recognition	Scene analysis	Low to medium
Motion detection	Dedicated infrastructure not required	Inertial sensor or inbuilt sensors of smartphone	Tracking	Dead reckoning	Medium
Wi-Fi	Utilize existing infrastructure of building	Wi-Fi access points and smartphone	RSS	Fingerprinting and trilateration	Low to medium
Bluetooth	Dedicated infrastructure required	BLE beacons and smartphone	RSS and Proximity	Fingerprinting and trilateration	Medium
RFID	Dedicated infrastructure required	RFID tags and RFID tag readers	RSS and proximity	Fingerprinting	Medium
VLC	Dedicated infrastructure not required	LED lights and Photo detector	RSS and AOA	Trilateration and triangulation	Medium to high
UWB	Dedicated infrastructure required	UWB tags and UWB tag reader	TOA, TDOA	Trilateration	High