Table 2.
Frequency of Mistreatment, Duty-Hour Violations, Burnout, and Suicidal Thoughts among U.S. Surgical Residents.*
| Variable | Overall (N = 7409) |
Men (N = 4438) |
Women (N = 2935) |
|---|---|---|---|
| number (percent) | |||
| Gender discrimination | 2366 (31.9) | 442 (10.0) | 1912 (65.1) |
| A few times per year | 1453 (19.6) | 325 (7.3) | 1123 (38.3) |
| A few times per month or more frequently | 913 (12.3) | 117 (2.6) | 789 (26.9) |
| Racial discrimination | 1227 (16.6) | 671 (15.1) | 547 (18.6) |
| A few times per year | 859 (11.6) | 477 (10.7) | 379 (12.9) |
| A few times per month or more frequently | 368 (5.0) | 194 (4.4) | 168 (5.7) |
| Discrimination based on pregnancy or childcare status | 532 (7.2) | 144 (3.2) | 383 (13.0) |
| A few times per year | 361 (4.9) | 84 (1.9) | 275 (9.4) |
| A few times per month or more frequently | 171 (2.3) | 60 (1.4) | 108 (3.7) |
| Any discrimination on the basis of gender, race, or pregnancy or childcare status† | 2848 (38.4) | 884 (19.9) | 1950 (66.4) |
| A few times per year | 1773 (23.9) | 645 (14.5) | 1122 (38.2) |
| A few times per month or more frequently | 1075 (14.5) | 239 (5.4) | 828 (28.2) |
| Verbal or emotional abuse | 2238 (30.2) | 1257 (28.3) | 968 (33.0) |
| A few times per year | 1593 (21.5) | 882 (19.9) | 704 (24.0) |
| A few times per month or more frequently | 645 (8.7) | 375 (8.5) | 264 (9.0) |
| Physical abuse | 166 (2.2) | 108 (2.4) | 57 (1.9) |
| A few times per year | 95 (1.3) | 54 (1.2) | 41 (1.4) |
| A few times per month or more frequently | 71 (1.0) | 54 (1.2) | 16 (0.5) |
| Any abuse: verbal, emotional, or physical | 2243 (30.3) | 1259 (28.4) | 971 (33.1) |
| A few times per year | 1598 (21.6) | 884 (19.9) | 707 (24.1) |
| A few times per month or more frequently | 645 (8.7) | 375 (8.4) | 264 (9.0) |
| Sexual harassment | 761 (10.3) | 172 (3.9) | 583 (19.9) |
| A few times per year | 574 (7.7) | 109 (2.5) | 460 (15.7) |
| A few times per month or more frequently | 187 (2.5) | 63 (1.4) | 123 (4.2) |
| Any mistreatment exposure† | 3694 (49.9) | 1605 (36.1) | 2073 (70.6) |
| A few times per year | 2289 (30.9) | 1120 (25.2) | 1162 (39.6) |
| A few times per month or more frequently | 1405 (19.0) | 485 (10.9) | 911 (31.0) |
| Duty-hour violations of the 80-hr rule in the previous 6 mo — no. of mo | |||
| 0 | 4518 (61.0) | 2952 (66.5) | 1548 (52.7) |
| 1–2 | 1869 (25.2) | 954 (21.5) | 906 (30.9) |
| ≥3 | 1022 (13.8) | 532 (12.0) | 481 (16.4) |
| Outcome measures | |||
| Burnout‡ | 2849 (38.5) | 1591 (35.9) | 1245 (42.4) |
| Suicidal thoughts | 333 (4.5)§ | 173 (3.9) | 156 (5.3) |
*
Residents were asked to report their gender. Excluded were data from 36 residents who did not report gender.
†
Shown is the highest reported cumulative frequency of discrimination based on gender, race, or pregnancy or childcare status.
‡
Burnout is defined as symptoms of emotional exhaustion or depersonalization occurring at least weekly.
§
Data were missing for 15 persons (9 men and 6 women).