Fig 6. Vernonia polysphaera extract activity in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS.

Extract inhibition of NF-κB transcription factors (1–4) preventing DNA-NF-κB binding, and thus suppressing the transcription of COX-2 (5), and consequent PGE-2 production (6), as well as inducing low levels of inflammatory mediators such as NO (7), TNF-α (8), IL-6 (9), IL-1β (10).