Table 1.
Characteristics of a singleton pregnancy cohort (n = 2435) by fetal sex in Shanghai, China.
| Characteristic | Male (n = 1271) | Female (n = 1164) | Pa |
|---|---|---|---|
| GDM | 190 (14.9) | 190 (16.3) | 0.371 |
| Mother age (year) | 29.3 ± 3.8 | 29.0 ± 3.6 | 0.034 |
| > 35 (yes) | 117 (9.2) | 69 (5.9) | 0.003 |
| Race, Han | 1255 (98.7) | 1149 (98.7) | 1.000 |
| Smoking | 4 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) | 1.000 |
| Drinking | 120 (9.4) | 111 (9.5) | 0.945 |
| Family history of diabetes | 124 (9.8) | 103 (8.9) | 0.485 |
| Primiparous | 1080 (85.3) | 971 (83.8) | 0.311 |
| Education, university | 806 (63.5) | 749 (64.5) | 0.612 |
| History of GDM | 9 (0.7) | 7 (0.6) | 0.806 |
| Chronic hypertension | 8 (0.6) | 2 (0.2) | 0.112 |
| Hypertensive disorders | 71 (5.6) | 50 (4.3) | 0.161 |
| Gestational hypertension | 54 (4.2) | 28 (2.4) | 0.013 |
| Preeclampsia/eclampsia | 17 (1.3) | 22 (1.9) | 0.333 |
| Height (cm) | 162.1 ± 4.9 | 162.1 ± 4. 9 | 0.827 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight (kg) | 56.3 ± 8.7 | 56.3 ± 8.7 | 0.908 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 21.4 ± 3.0 | 21.4 ± 3.0 | 0.998 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI category | 0.885 | ||
| Underweight (n = 352) | 181 (14.2) | 171 (14.7) | |
| Normal weight (n = 1692) | 882 (69.4) | 810 (69.6) | |
| Overweight/obese (n = 391) | 208 (16.4) | 183 (15.7) | |
| Early pregnancy visit | |||
| Gestational age (week) | 14.2 ± 1.6 | 14.2 ± 1.7 | 0.668 |
| Weight (kg) | 58.4 ± 9.0 | 58.3 ± 8.9 | 0.831 |
| GWG (kg) | 2.23 ± 2.93 | 2.18 ± 2.83 | 0.650 |
| GWG velocity (kg/week) | 0.16 ± 0.21 | 0.15 ± 0.20 | 0.567 |
| Gestational age (week) at delivery | 38.9 ± 1.6 | 39.1 ± 1.5 | 0.014 |
| Weight (kg) | 71.3 ± 9.6 | 71.0 ± 9.3 | 0.472 |
| GWG (kg) | 15.0 ± 4.8 | 14.8 ± 5.0 | 0.221 |
| GWG velocity (kg/week) | 0.39 ± 0.12 | 0.38 ± 0.13 | 0.118 |
Data presented are Mean ± SD or n (%). GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; GWG, gestational weight gain.
a
P-values for comparisons of the two groups in T-tests for continuous variables and Chi-square tests for categorical variables.