Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of all groups.
|
Depressed (n = 36) |
EM (n = 94) |
Healthy control (n = 37) |
PTLDS (n = 124) |
Traumatic brain injury (n = 51) |
Total (n = 342) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 36.78 (11.42) | 50.67 (14.93) | 44.05 (16.18) | 44.80 (15.37) | 46.63 (16.97) | 45.76 (15.66) |
| Sex (%) | ||||||
| Female | 23 (63.9) | 48 (51.1) | 25 (67.6) | 54 (43.5) | 24 (47.1) | 174 (50.9) |
| Male | 12 (33.3) | 46 (48.9) | 12 (32.4) | 70 (56.5) | 27 (52.9) | 167 (48.8) |
| Other | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) |
| Ethnicity (%) | ||||||
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 1 (2.8) | 1 (1.1) | 3 (8.1) | 3 (2.4) | 3 (5.9) | 11 (3.2) |
| Hispanic | 4 (11.1) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (16.2) | 4 (3.2) | 3 (5.9) | 17 (5.0) |
| Other | 7 (19.4) | 2 (2.1) | 7 (18.9) | 5 (4.0) | 3 (5.9) | 24 (7.0) |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 24 (66.7) | 91 (96.8) | 20 (54.1) | 112 (90.3) | 38 (74.5) | 285 (83.3) |
| Not specified | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (7.8) | 5 (1.5) |
| Education (%) | ||||||
| 12 years or less | 4 (11.1) | 7 (7.4) | 6 (16.2) | 21 (16.9) | 7 (13.7) | 38 (11.1) |
| 13 to 16 years | 20 (55.6) | 37 (39.4) | 15 (40.5) | 57 (46.0) | 9 (17.6) | 129 (37.7) |
| 16 years or more | 12 (33.3) | 50 (53.2) | 15 (40.5) | 45 (36.3) | 9 (17.6) | 122 (35.7) |
| Not specified | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.7) | 1 (0.8) | 26 (51.0) | 53 (15.5) |
| Employment (%)a | ||||||
| Disabled | – | 1 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (3.2) | 51 (100.0) | 56 (16.4) |
| F/T or P/T employed | – | 67 (71.3) | 22 (59.5) | 77 (62.1) | 0 (0.0) | 166 (48.5) |
| F/T or P/T student | – | 2 (2.1) | 4 (10.8) | 11 (8.9) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (5.0) |
| Homemaker | – | 5 (5.3) | 2 (5.4) | 9 (7.3) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (4.7) |
| Other | – | 2 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (2.0) |
| Retired | – | 4 (4.3) | 3 (8.1) | 5 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (3.5) |
| Unemployed | – | 13 (13.8) | 5 (13.5) | 13 (10.5) | 0 (0.0) | 31 (9.1) |
| Not specified | – | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 37 (10.8) |
| General health, mean (SD) | 2.89 (0.89) | 3.85 (0.89) | 3.95 (0.66) | 2.81 (1.02) | 3.12 (1.05) | 3.27 (1.06) |
| Pain, mean (SD) | 4.19 (2.45) | 2.98 (2.81) | 0.76 (0.98) | 4.58 (2.25) | 3.20 (3.03) | 3.48 (2.72) |
| Fatigue, mean (SD) | 6.39 (2.41) | 3.91 (3.12) | 1.35 (1.36) | 5.60 (2.45) | 4.25 (3.08) | 4.56 (3.00) |
| Anxiety, mean (SD) | 3.17 (2.06) | 0.83 (1.41) | 0.57 (1.14) | 1.66 (1.84) | 1.84 (2.06) | 1.50 (1.87) |
| Depression, mean (SD) | 3.97 (1.76) | 0.70 (1.12) | 0.22 (0.85) | 1.47 (1.53) | 1.92 (2.11) | 1.45 (1.81) |
| Functional impairment, mean (SD) | 16.69 (8.40) | 8.87 (10.09) | 1.05 (2.78) | 14.19 (8.93) | 10.94 (10.34) | 11.09 (9.97) |
a
Employment was categorized differently for the depression group as: employed/not employed (75%, n = 27; 25%, n = 9).