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. 2019 Dec 12;9:18964. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55624-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The presentation format of each trial in the visual 1-back task. (a) shows all the 15 figures used in the visual 1-back task. (b) displays the procedure in visual 1-back task. In each trial, a 500-ms fixation point was first presented at the screen centre, followed by a 100-ms blank and then a 200-ms probe of the five-figure string centred on the fixation. The string was followed by a 100-ms blank, and finally, a target of a single figure appeared below or above (each for half of the trials) the median horizontal line. Participants were required to press different keys to judge whether the target figure was present in the above string or not.