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. 2019 Dec 12;9:18964. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55624-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Visual tasks and stimulus materials in the training procedure. (a) shows the presentation format of each trial in the estimation task of visual attention span. (b) shows the presentation form of digit canceling task. (c) displays the circle and oval stimuli in the training task of visual search. (d) shows the presentation format of each trial in visual search task. Participants were required to search for an oval among the circles by clicking the left button of the mouse at the corresponding location, and the height of the target oval equally and randomly changed in three conditions. (e) is an example in the training task of line puzzle, in which participants were required to find which wool ball is linked to the sweater. (f) is an example for the training task of maze puzzle, and the participants should find a proper way from the enter marked by the arrow to the exit next to the dog, and then to draw the route by a pen or pencil.