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. 2019 Dec 12;10:5682. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13422-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 8 — Powder XRD microstructure analysis of the protein/calcite and PGMA-NPs/calcite crystals. a {104} reflections of calcite crystals grown in the presence of proteins (BSA and GP) or PGMA, showing small shifts to larger d-spacings (lattice expansion) and peak broadening. b–d {104}, {006}, and {110} reflections obtained using high-resolution synchrotron powder XRD from calcite crystals with 12 wt% occlusion and 37 wt% occlusion. A shift to larger d-spacing is observed along the c-axis (expansion, seen in the {006} reflection (c)), and to a smaller d-spacing along the a-axis (contraction, as seen in the {110} reflection (d)). {104} reflections showed a transition from lattice expansion (12 wt% occlusion calcite) to contraction (37% occlusion calcite). e Summary of the strains and coherence lengths, where the lattice distortion and strain parameters were obtained using Rietveld analysis and line profile analysis, respectively.