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. 2019 Oct 17;14(1):288–301. doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0523-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Steady state solutions for two metabolisms—aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophy—in a virtual chemostat for a varying ratio of O₂ to organic matter (OM; mol N) supply. Two parallel simulations are illustrated: one with discrete aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophic metabolic functional type populations, and one with a single facultatively anaerobic population. Respiration rates for the facultative population indicate the time-averaged use of O₂ and DIN. The vertical dashed black line indicates ϕ = 1, the threshold at which anaerobic metabolism becomes sustainable