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. 2019 Oct 17;14(1):288–301. doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0523-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Steady state solutions through two water columns in the 2D model: one in the “western” oxygenated zone and one in the anoxic portion of the “eastern” upwelling zone. The vertical dashed and dotted lines indicate subsistence concentrations (R^*s). The horizontal black dashed lines (ϕ_ocean = 1) indicate the zone of stable anaerobic activity, which does not account for transient coexistence due to dispersal from vertical mixing