Table 2.
Descriptive overview separately for men and women with recurrent depressive symptoms (PHQ9 ≥ 10) at follow-up (FU) five years later with inference statistics.
| Men | Women | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 354) | No depression (N = 196, 55.37%) | Depression at FU (N = 158, 44.63%) | p | All (N = 523) | No depression (N = 257, 49.14%) | Depression at FU (N = 266, 50.86%) | p | |
| Sociodemographic | ||||||||
| Age (years) | 52.4 ± 9.4 | 52.6 ± 9.8 | 52.3 ± 9.0 | 0.790 | 52.2 ± 10.2 | 52.7 ± 10.3 | 51.8 ± 10.1 | 0.300 |
| SES | 13.26 ± 4.31 | 13.69 ± 4.40 | 12.71 ± 4.15 | 0.033 | 11.76 ± 3.98 | 11.88 ± 4.18 | 11.64 ± 3.80 | 0.500 |
| Living with partner (%) | 73.7 (261) | 76.0 (149) | 70.9 (112) | 0.280 | 65.6 (343) | 65.8 (169) | 65.4 (174) | 1.000 |
| Behavioral | ||||||||
| Smoking (%) | 29.1 (103) | 28.1 (55) | 30.4 (48) | 0.640 | 22.9 (120) | 17.9 (46) | 27.8 (74) | 0.009 |
| Active sports (%) | 36.2 (128) | 36.7 (72) | 35.4 (56) | 0.820 | 47.4 (248) | 49.4 (127) | 45.5 (121) | 0.380 |
| Alcohol above tolerance (%) | 23.2 (82) | 23.0 (45) | 23.4 (37) | 1.000 | 19.5 (102) | 16.3 (42) | 22.6 (60) | 0.080 |
| Somatic | ||||||||
| CVD (%) | 17.2 (61) | 17.3 (34) | 17.1 (27) | 1.000 | 9.4 (49) | 8.9 (23) | 9.8 (26) | 0.770 |
| Cancer (%) | 5.9 (21) | 7.1 (14) | 4.4 (7) | 0.370 | 9.6 (50) | 8.2 (21) | 10.9 (29) | 0.370 |
| Diabetes (%) | 11.9 (42) | 11.7 (23) | 12.0 (19) | 1.000 | 7.9 (41) | 9.3 (24) | 6.4 (17) | 0.260 |
| Obesity (%) | 33.3 (118) | 32.1 (63) | 34.8 (55) | 0.650 | 29.0 (151) | 25.7 (66) | 32.2 (85) | 0.120 |
| Psychological | ||||||||
| Type D personality (%) | 62.9 (222) | 56.4 (110) | 70.9 (112) | 0.006 | 55.2 (287) | 47.7 (122) | 62.5 (165) | <0.001 |
| Life events (last 12 months) | 3.67 ± 3.27 | 3.68 ± 3.31 | 3.66 ± 3.22 | 0.940 | 3.66 ± 3.04 | 3.77 ± 3.00 | 3.55 ± 3.07 | 0.410 |
| Loneliness (%) | 34.1 (119) | 25.9 (50) | 44.2 (69) | <0.001 | 38.4 (199) | 34.3 (87) | 42.4 (112) | 0.058 |
| Social support | 17.78 ± 4.17 | 18.45 ± 4.17 | 16.94 ± 4.03 | <0.001 | 17.71 ± 4.33 | 17.89 ± 4.38 | 17.53 ± 4.28 | 0.350 |
| General Anxiety (%) | 42.7 (151) | 35.7 (70) | 51.3 (81) | 0.004 | 49.5 (257) | 42.9 (109) | 55.8 (148) | 0.004 |
| Social phobia (%) | 30.2 (106) | 23.2 (45) | 38.9 (61) | 0.002 | 35.5 (184) | 30.3 (77) | 40.4 (107) | 0.017 |
| Panic (%) | 21.1 (71) | 18.9 (35) | 23.7 (36) | 0.350 | 26.5 (132) | 22.5 (55) | 30.2 (77) | 0.055 |
| History depression (%) | 39.1 (138) | 30.6 (60) | 49.7 (78) | <0.001 | 52.8 (275) | 44.7 (115) | 60.6 (160) | <0.001 |
| History anxiety disorder (%) | 19.8 (70) | 18.4 (36) | 21.7 (34) | 0.500 | 29.0 (151) | 25.3 (65) | 32.6 (86) | 0.082 |
| Medication intake | ||||||||
| Antidepressant (%) | 17.0 (60) | 13.3 (26) | 21.5 (34) | 0.047 | 25.4 (132) | 20.2 (51) | 30.5 (81) | 0.009 |
Note: PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire-9; SES = socioeconomic status; CVD = cardiovascular disease. Significance tests: For mean ± standard deviation like 52.3 ± 9.9 the t-test was used. The Chi-square test was used for frequencies like 59.6 (523).