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. 2019 Dec 12;9:18924. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-55045-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Afferent responses in the vestibular crista ex vivo are dependent on iDC stimulator position. (A) Schematic drawing of an anterior crista ampullaris with approximate location of iDC stimulator electrode and patch pipette. Modified from Tavazzani et al.³⁹. (B) Schematic drawing of the afferent innervation of type I and type II hair cells in the vestibular crista showing the position of the recording and stimulation electrodes in two configurations (inside and outside of the tissue). (C,D) Stimulus traces and representative afferent loose-patch recordings. When the iDC stimulator is outside the epithelium (C), there is an excitatory response to anodic (+) iDC steps and inhibitory response to cathodic (−) iDC steps (n = 9). When the iDC stimulator is inside the epithelium (D), the effect is reversed (n = 28).