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. 2019 Dec 12;9:19006. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-54314-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Kinematic reserve in LOPD and control subjects. Dynamic MRI was used to evaluate cranio-caudal lung height, representative of diaphragm excursion, and anterior-posterior (A–P) chest wall expansion. We did not find significant group differences for C -C excursion (a) or A-P expansion (b) during tidal breathing. Inspiratory capacity C-C excursion (c) was significantly lower for LOPD patients. In contrast, A-P expansion during inspiratory capacity (d) remained similar between groups. Kinematic reserve is the difference between MRI measurements of diaphragm (C-C) and chest wall (A–P) excursion at rest and during inspiratory capacity maneuvers. While the C-C reserve of the diaphragm (e) was significantly smaller for LOPD subjects, we observed a similar difference in the A-P reserve (f) of the chest wall muscles (*Significant group-direction interaction, F = 3.571, p < 0.05).