Table 3. Age-, sex-, and study area-adjusted and multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of incident cardiovascular outcomes according to tertiles of total and specific Okinawan vegetable consumption.
| Lowest (T1) | Middle (T2) | Highest (T3) | P for trend | |||||
| Ref. | HR | (95% CI) | HR | (95% CI) | ||||
| Total Okinawan vegetable consumptiond | ||||||||
| Number of participants | 5,499 | 5,500 | 5,499 | — | ||||
| Median intake, g/day | 17.9 | 44.2 | 94.3 | — | ||||
| Person-years | 72,034 | 72,708 | 72,725 | — | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease, total | Number of cases | 352 | 322 | 362 | ||||
| Model 1a | 1.0 | 0.91 | (0.78–1.06) | 0.99 | (0.86–1.15) | 0.927 | ||
| Model 2b | 1.0 | 0.97 | (0.83–1.14) | 1.09 | (0.93–1.29) | 0.289 | ||
| Model 3c | 1.0 | 0.96 | (0.82–1.13) | 1.07 | (0.91–1.27) | 0.403 | ||
| Stroke, total | Number of cases | 283 | 260 | 296 | ||||
| Model 1a | 1.0 | 0.92 | (0.77–1.08) | 1.01 | (0.86–1.19) | 0.876 | ||
| Model 2b | 1.0 | 1.00 | (0.84–1.19) | 1.16 | (0.96–1.39) | 0.131 | ||
| Model 3c | 1.0 | 0.99 | (0.83–1.18) | 1.13 | (0.94–1.36) | 0.203 | ||
| Intraparenchymal haemorrhage | Number of cases | 101 | 86 | 104 | ||||
| Model 1a | 1.0 | 0.86 | (0.64–1.14) | 1.02 | (0.77–1.34) | 0.898 | ||
| Model 2b | 1.0 | 0.93 | (0.69–1.25) | 1.15 | (0.84–1.57) | 0.401 | ||
| Model 3c | 1.0 | 0.93 | (0.69–1.26) | 1.14 | (0.83–1.57) | 0.411 | ||
| Ischaemic stroke | Number of cases | 163 | 154 | 169 | ||||
| Model 1a | 1.0 | 0.94 | (0.76–1.17) | 1.00 | (0.80–1.24) | 0.981 | ||
| Model 2b | 1.0 | 1.02 | (0.81–1.29) | 1.14 | (0.89–1.46) | 0.296 | ||
| Model 3c | 1.0 | 1.01 | (0.80–1.27) | 1.11 | (0.86–1.41) | 0.426 | ||
| Coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction or sudden cardiac death) |
Number of cases | 69 | 62 | 66 | ||||
| Model 1a | 1.0 | 0.89 | (0.63–1.26) | 0.91 | (0.65–1.28) | 0.591 | ||
| Model 2b | 1.0 | 0.88 | (0.61–1.25) | 0.89 | (0.61–1.30) | 0.549 | ||
| Model 3c | 1.0 | 0.88 | (0.62–1.26) | 0.90 | (0.62–1.31) | 0.570 | ||
| Specific Okinawan vegetable consumptiond | ||||||||
| Pak choi | Median intake, g/day | 0.0 | 2.6 | 11.4 | — | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, total | Model 3c | 1.0 | 1.15 | (0.99–1.33) | 1.02 | (0.87–1.20) | 0.738 | |
| Leaf mustard | Median intake, g/day | 0.0 | 2.6 | 10.6 | — | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, total | Model 3c | 1.0 | 1.15 | (0.99–1.34) | 1.05 | (0.89–1.24) | 0.526 | |
| Bitter gourd | Median intake, g/day | 4.4 | 15.6 | 39.2 | — | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, total | Model 3c | 1.0 | 0.88 | (0.75–1.03) | 0.97 | (0.83–1.14) | 0.724 | |
| Swiss chard | Median intake, g/day | 0.0 | 1.8 | 5.1 | — | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, total | Model 3c | 1.0 | 1.06 | (0.83–1.36) | 1.06 | (0.93–1.22) | 0.374 | |
| Loofah | Median intake, g/day | 1.7 | 5.6 | 22.1 | — | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, total | Model 3c | 1.0 | 1.01 | (0.87–1.18) | 1.12 | (0.95–1.31) | 0.174 | |
| Mugwort | Median intake, g/day | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.5 | — | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, total | Model 3c | 1.0 | 1.02 | (0.87–1.19) | 1.04 | (0.89–1.22) | 0.589 | |
| Papaya | Median intake, g/day | 0.0 | 3.3 | 10.7 | — | |||
| Cardiovascular disease, total | Model 3c | 1.0 | 0.94 | (0.81–1.10) | 1.07 | (0.91–1.24) | 0.420 | |
CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.
aModel 1 was adjusted by age, sex, and study area.
bModel 2 was adjusted by variables in model 1 plus alcohol intake (0, 1–150, 151–300, 301–450, and ≥451 g/week, or missing), cigarette smoking status (current [<20 or ≥20 cigarettes/day], never, former, or missing), type of work (blue-collar, white-collar, other, or missing), self-reported perceived mental stress (low, medium, high, or missing), quartiles of body mass index, metabolic equivalent task-hours per day, quartiles of energy intake, and energy-adjusted dietary consumption of fish, meat, vegetable (except for Okinawan vegetables), fruit (except for papaya), and sodium.
cModel 3 was adjusted by variables in model 2 plus past history of diabetes (yes, no, or missing), treatment of hypertension (yes, no, or missing), and treatment of hypercholestaerolemia (yes, no, or missing).
dTotal and specific Okinawan vegetable consumption was energy-adjusted using the nutrient residual method.