Table 1.
Detailed summary of qualifying publications involving both early-generation, nonsleep-staging and newer-generation, sleep-staging Fitbit models.
| Author (year) | Model | Reference | Participants | Investigative details | ||||
| Total number (% female) |
Age (years), mean (SD); and/or range | Type | Duration (study site) |
Tracker placement (tracker mode) |
Bedtime | |||
| Beattie et al (2017) [22]a | Surge | Type III home PSGb | 60 (40.0) | 34 (10) | Normal sleepers | 1 night (home or hotel) |
Both left and right wrists (N/Ac) |
22:00h |
| Brazendale et al (2019) [23] | Charge HR | Sleep log & actigraphy | 30 (37.0) | 7.2 (2.1) | Healthy | 2 nights (home) |
Nondominant wrist (N/Rd) |
Habituale |
| Brooke et al (2017) [24] | Flex & Charge HR | Sleep log | 95 (64.2): 22 Flex; 14 Charge HR |
28.5 (9.9); 19-60 |
Healthy | 1 night (home) |
Left wrist (N/R) |
Habituale |
| Cook et al (2017) [25] | Flex | PSG & actigraphy |
21 (81.0) | 26.5 (4.6) | Major depressive disorder | 1 night (sleep lab) |
Nondominant wrist (both sensitive and normal) |
Habitual |
| Cook et al (2019) [26]a | Alta HR | PSG | 49 (93.9) | 30.3 (9.8) | Suspected CDHf | 1 night (sleep lab) |
Nondominant wrist (N/A) |
Participant preference |
| de Zambotti et al (2016) [27] | Charge HR | PSG | 32 (46.9) | 17.3 (2.5); 12-21 |
Healthy adolescents |
1 night (sleep lab) |
Nondominant wrist (normal) |
Participant preference |
| de Zambotti et al (2018) [28]a | Charge 2 | PSG | 44 (59.1) | 19-61 | Healthy adults, 9 with PLMSg | 1 night (sleep lab) |
Nondominant wrist (N/A) |
Participant preference |
| Dickinson et al (2016) [29] | Charge HR | Actigraphy | 38 (60.5) | 26.1 (8.0) | Young adults | 4 nights (home) |
N/R (normal) |
Habituale |
| Hakim et al (2018) [30] | Charge HR | PSG | 22 (59.1) | 9 (3); 3-18 |
OSAh or SDBi | 1 night (sleep lab) |
N/R (N/R) |
N/R |
| Kang et al (2017) [31] | Flex | Unattended PSG | Insomniacs: 33 (57.6); good sleepers: 17 (64.7) |
Insomniacs: 38.4 (11.2); good sleepers: 32.1 (7.4) |
Insomniacs and good sleepers | 1 night (home) |
Nondominant wrist (both sensitive and normal) |
N/R |
| Kubala et al (2019) [32] | Alta | Actigraphy | Good sleepers: 20 (60); poor sleepers 10 (30) |
24.8 (4.1); 18-60 |
Healthy adults | 7 nights: Fitbit was worn for only 1 night (home) |
Nondominant wrist (normal) |
Habituale |
| Lee et al (2017) [33] | Charge HR | Actigraphy | 16 (62.5) | 22.8 (2.8); 18-26 |
Healthy young adults | 13 nights (home) |
Nondominant hand (normal) |
Habituale |
| Lee et al (2018) [34] | Charge HR | Sleep log | 38 (50) | 28.6 (N/R); 19-66 |
Healthy | 3 nights (home) |
Counter-balanced across participants (N/R) |
Habituale |
| Liang and Chapa Martell (2018) [35] | Charge 2 | Sleep Scope (EEGj based) | 25 (40.0) | 24.8 (4.4) | Healthy | 3 nights: only 1 night in data analysis (home) |
Nondominant hand (normal) |
Habituale |
| Liu et al (2019) [36]a | Alta HR | Sleep log | 10 (50.0) | 21.8 (N/R); 20-24 |
Noninsomniac Asian students | 7 nights (home) |
Left wrist (N/A) |
Habituale |
| Mantua et al (2016) [37] | Flex | PSG (ambulatory system) |
40 (47.5) | 22.4 (4.9); 18-30 |
Healthy young adults | 1 night (home) |
Counter-balanced across participants (N/R) |
N/R |
| Maskevich et al (2017) [38] | One | PSG | 7 (85.7) | 54.1 (6.4) | Huntington disease gene carriers |
1 night (sleep lab) |
Nondominant wrist (default) |
Habitual |
| Meltzer et al (2015) [39] | Ultra | PSG & actigraphy (2 different ones) |
63 (50.8) | 9.7 (4.6); 3-17 |
Children and adolescents | 1 night (sleep lab) |
Nondominant wrist (both sensitive and normal) |
Habitual |
| Montgomery-Downs et al (2012) [40] | Classic | PSG & actigraphy |
24 (40) | 26.1 (N/R); 19-41 |
Healthy adults | 1 night (sleep lab) |
Nondominant wrist (N/R) |
N/R |
| Osterbauer et al (2016) [41] | Flex | PSG | 14 (64.3) | 6.5 (2.9); 3-11 |
Children | 1 night (sleep lab) |
Nondominant wrist (N/R) |
N/R |
| Sargent et al (2018) [42] | Charge HR | PSG | 12 (N/R) | 18.3 (1.0) | Soccer players without sleep disorders |
5 sleep periods during 3 days and nights (sleep lab) |
Nondominant wrist (normal) |
22:00-07:00h); 23:00-07:00h); 00:00-07:00h); 14:00-16:00h); 15:00-16:00h |
| Svensson et al (2019) [43]a | Versa | Sleep Scope (EEG based) | 20 (50) | 25-67 | Healthy Japanese adults | 14 nights: only 7 nights in data analysis (home) |
Nondominant wrist (normal) |
Habituale |
aPublication consisting of newer-generation, sleep-staging Fitbit models.
bPSG: polysomnography.
cN/A: not applicable.
dN/R: not reported.
eExact bedtime not reported, but investigative protocol infers habitual bedtime.
fCDH: central disorders of hypersomnolence.
gPLMS: periodic limb movement in sleep.
hOSA: obstructive sleep apnea.
iSDB: sleep-disordered breathing.
jEEG: electroencephalographic.