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. 2019 Dec 12;18:86. doi: 10.1186/s12937-019-0511-x

Table 3.

Dietary intakes across categories of low carbohydrate score

variable premenopause postmenopause
Quartile1 Quartile2 Quartile3 Quartile4 ptrend Quartile1 Quartile2 Quartile3 Quartile4 ptrend
N n = 172 n = 134 n = 174 n = 87 n = 88 n = 62 n = 90 n = 52
LCD score 3–7 8–9 10–11 12–15 3–7 8–9 10–11 12–14
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Food groups
 Whole grains (g/d) 122 127 104 110 61 61 58 55 < 0.001 126 126 108 89 92 79 58 49 < 0.001
 Refined grains (g/d) 408 213 339 182 287 135 227 118 < 0.001 359 180 291 175 263 119 185 103 < 0.001
 Fruits (g/d) 643 410 528 343 524 389 500 319 0.004 660 450 621 364 552 342 467 274 0.01
 Vegetables (g/d) 285 213 307 239 300 219 326 243 0.56 313 249 322 176 332 227 331 252 0.95
 Legumes (g/d) 43 38 54 102 48 71 60 83 0.27 42 54 60 60 44 56 59 65 0.11
 Red meat (g/d) 13 12 16 18 15 14 23 40 0.003 11 11 16 11 10 8 19 40 0.02
 Low fat dairy (g/d) 63 116 53 117 55 123 98 191 0.06 50 89 38 67 98 180 75 122 0.01
 High fat dairy (g/d) 315 238 364 256 368 253 529 357 < 0.001 306 235 351 225 411 266 461 366 0.005
Nutrients
 Energy (kcal) 2557 2520 2704 2579 0.23 2321 2492 2612 2249 0.03
 Carbohydrate intake (% of energy) 62 4 54 3 44 8 41 6 < 0.001 63 4 54 3 45 8 42 4 < 0.001
 Protein intake(% of energy) 11.9 1.9 12.7 3.3 11.2 4.1 14.3 3.9 < 0.001 12.1 1.9 12.9 3.3 12.3 4.5 15.1 3.2 < 0.001
 Fat intake (% of energy) 28.7 4.9 35.5 5.9 47.1 10.5 46.4 6.8 < 0.001 27.3 5.2 35.1 6.2 44.7 11.1 44.6 6.0 < 0.001
 Saturated fat (g/d) 25 13 32 17 52 34 43 24 < 0.001 22 12 33 20 49 32 37 18 < 0.001
 Fiber intake (g/d) 23 9 22 10.4 21 11.3 21 10 0.25 23 11 23 9 20 9 21 9 0.09
 Iron (mg) 22 10 20 8 18 9 20 8 0.005 21 9 22 9 19 8 19 10 0.11
 Folic acid (μg) 269 102 264 127 256 120 275 126 0.6 272 115 299 163 253 103 280 127 0.16
 Vitamin B6 (mg) 1.7 0.67 1.7 0.72 1.6 0.79 1.8 0.87 0.24 1.7 0.76 1.7 0.61 1.7 0.72 1.7 0.74 0.86
 Vitamin E (mg) 18 10 21.1 10.7 27 13 26.3 15.9 < 0.001 13.8 6.1 18.4 9.7 24 13 21 11.8 < 0.001
 Vitamin A (μg) 840 452 924 595 850 529 1024 584 0.03 872 522 948 439 957 460 1035 660 0.33

P-values were determined by the ANOVA test