Table 2.
Hazard ratios of variability of fasting glucose and HbA1c for risk on insulin initiation, diabetes-related complications
| Fasting glucose CV | HbA1c–CV | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base | Adjusted | Base | Adjusted | |||||||||
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | Ptrend | HR (95% CI) | P-value | Ptrend | HR (95% CI) | P-value | Ptrend | HR (95% CI) | P-value | Ptrend | |
|
Insulin initiation, N = 3955, events = 1116 |
N = 3955, events = 1116 | |||||||||||
| Q2 | 1.07 [0.80–1.43] | 0.64 | 5.23·10−67 | 1.00 [0.75–1.33] | 0.98 | 3.31·10−44 | 1.57 [1.17–2.10] | 2.90·10−3 | 2.31·10−17 | 1.52 [1.13–2.04] | 5.38·10−3 | 4.00·10−11 |
| Q3 | 1.56 [1.20–2.03] | 9.81·10−4 | 1.47 [1.13–1.91] | 4.50·10−3 | 1.84 [1.39–2.44] | 2.51·10−5 | 1.71 [1.29–2.28] | 2.12·10−4 | ||||
| Q4 | 2.43 [1.90–3.12] | 2.54·10−12 | 2.10 [1.64–2.70] | 5.70·10−9 | 2.53 [1.93–3.33] | 2.37·10−11 | 2.39 [1.81–3.14] | 5.31·10−10 | ||||
| Q5 | 4.38 [3.44–5.59] | 8.69·10−33 | 3.33 [2.61–4.27] | 8.43·10−22 | 2.88 [2.19–3.78] | 2.76·10−14 | 2.45 [1.86–3.22] | 2.00·10−10 | ||||
|
Retinopathy N = 3893, events = 182 |
N = 3898, events = 182 | |||||||||||
| Q2 | 1.54 [0.75–3.17] | 0.24 | 2.12·10−9 | 1.37 [0.67–2.82] | 0.39 | 1.08·10−3 | 0.77 [0.39–1.52] | 0.46 | 0.15 | 0.73 [0.37–1.44] | 0.36 | 0.80 |
| Q3 | 1.82 [0.91–3.65] | 0.09 | 1.56 [0.78–3.14] | 0.21 | 1.41 [0.78–2.55] | 0.26 | 1.24 [0.68–2.25] | 0.48 | ||||
| Q4 | 3.08 [1.61–5.89] | 6.85·10−4 | 2.35 [1.22–4.51] | 0.01 | 1.53 [0.86–2.73] | 0.14 | 1.28 [0.71–2.29] | 0.41 | ||||
| Q5 | 4.52 [2.39–8.57] | 3.77·10−6 | 2.59 [1.34–5.01] | 4.56·10−3 | 1.41 [0.79–2.52] | 0.25 | 1.06 [0.59–1.92] | 0.84 | ||||
|
eGFR stage N = 3959, events = 503 |
N = 3965, events = 507 | |||||||||||
| Q2 | 0.97 [0.73–1.29] | 0.81 | 0.03 | 0.95 [0.71–1.27] | 0.73 | 0.28 | 1.20 [0.90–1.61] | 0.22 | 0.39 | 1.23 [0.92–1.66] | 0.16 | 0.45 |
| Q3 | 1.07 [0.79–1.44] | 0.66 | 1.06 [0.78–1.43] | 0.72 | 1.04 [0.77–1.41] | 0.78 | 1.04 [0.77–1.40] | 0.80 | ||||
| Q4 | 1.03 [0.77–1.39] | 0.82 | 0.91 [0.68–1.23] | 0.55 | 1.09 [0.81–1.48] | 0.56 | 1.16 [0.86–1.57] | 0.34 | ||||
| Q5 | 1.31 [0.98–1.76] | 0.07 | 1.16 [0.85–1.58] | 0.35 | 1.21 [0.89–1.66] | 0.23 | 1.20 [0.87–1.65] | 0.26 | ||||
|
CKD stage N = 2688, events = 802 |
N = 2694, events = 806 | |||||||||||
| Q2 | 0.92 [0.72–1.16] | 0.46 | 5.52·10−3 | 0.92 [0.72–1.16] | 0.46 | 0.05 | 1.08 [0.85–1.37] | 0.51 | 0.61 | 1.10 [0.87–1.39] | 0.42 | 0.73 |
| Q3 | 0.92 [0.72–1.17] | 0.50 | 0.92 [0.72–1.17] | 0.50 | 0.90 [0.71–1.15] | 0.41 | 0.88 [0.69–1.11] | 0.28 | ||||
| Q4 | 1.05 [0.83–1.32] | 0.70 | 1.05 [0.83–1.32] | 0.70 | 0.96 [0.75–1.22] | 0.73 | 0.95 [0.74–1.22] | 0.68 | ||||
| Q5 | 1.23 [0.97–1.55] | 0.08 | 1.23 [0.97–1.55] | 0.08 | 1.07 [0.84–1.37] | 0.58 | 1.05 [0.82–1.35] | 0.69 | ||||
|
Microalbuminuria (N = 3949, events = 1448) |
N = 3953, events = 1452 | |||||||||||
| Q2 | 1.25 [1.04–1.50] | 0.01 | 4.23·10−7 | 1.20 [1.00–1.44] | 0.05 | 0.01 | 1.04 [0.87–1.25] | 0.65 | 1.43·10−4 | 1.01 [0.84–1.21] | 0.94 | 0.01 |
| Q3 | 1.39 [1.16–1.67] | 3.33·10−4 | 1.32 [1.10–1.58] | 2.54·10−3 | 1.15 [0.96–1.37] | 0.13 | 1.09 [0.91–1.31] | 0.33 | ||||
| Q4 | 1.53 [1.28–1.83] | 3.43·10−6 | 1.37 [1.15–1.65] | 6.05·10−4 | 1.31 [1.09–1.56] | 3.40·10−3 | 1.23 [1.03–1.47] | 0.02 | ||||
| Q5 | 1.63 [1.36–1.96] | 1.33·10−7 | 1.36 [1.13–1.65] | 1.51·10−3 | 1.38 [1.14–1.66] | 7.11·10−4 | 1.23 [1.02–1.49] | 0.03 | ||||
|
Macroalbuminuria N = 3949, events = 250 |
N = 3953, events = 251 | |||||||||||
| Q2 | 1.32 [0.80–2.17] | 0.28 | 2.98·10−7 | 1.28 [0.77–2.12] | 0.34 | 6.56·10−4 | 1.42 [0.89–2.25] | 0.14 | 0.12 | 1.42 [0.89–2.27] | 0.14 | 0.32 |
| Q3 | 1.78 [1.09–2.89] | 0.02 | 1.69 [1.03–2.75] | 0.04 | 0.97 [0.59–1.59] | 0.91 | 0.95 [0.58–1.57] | 0.85 | ||||
| Q4 | 1.97 [1.22–3.18] | 0.01 | 1.79 [1.10–2.91] | 0.02 | 1.35 [0.85–2.15] | 0.21 | 1.29 [0.80–2.07] | 0.29 | ||||
| Q5 | 2.89 [1.82–4.60] | 7.40·10−6 | 2.26 [1.39–3.70] | 1.11·10−3 | 1.49 [0.93–2.40] | 0.10 | 1.36 [0.84–2.21] | 0.21 | ||||
|
Macrovascular complications N = 3437, events = 479 |
N = 3442, events = 480 | |||||||||||
| Q2 | 1.15 [0.83–1.58] | 0.40 | 1.56·10−3 | 1.14 [0.83–1.57] | 0.41 | 3.96·10−3 | 0.97 [0.70–1.34] | 0.84 | 0.02 | 0.97 [0.70–1.34] | 0.84 | 0.04 |
| Q3 | 1.41 [1.03–1.93] | 0.03 | 1.39 [1.01–1.91] | 0.04 | 1.27 [0.94–1.73] | 0.12 | 1.27 [0.94–1.73] | 0.12 | ||||
| Q4 | 1.43 [1.04–1.95] | 0.03 | 1.41 [1.02–1.94] | 0.04 | 1.27 [0.93–1.73] | 0.13 | 1.27 [0.93–1.73] | 0.13 | ||||
| Q5 | 1.64 [1.20–2.24] | 2.10·10−3 | 1.62 [1.16–2.26] | 4.28·10−3 | 1.39 [1.01–1.91] | 0.05 | 1.39 [1.01–1.91] | 0.05 | ||||
|
All–cause mortality N = 3959, events = 691 |
N = 3965, events = 696 | |||||||||||
| Q2 | 1.00 [0.77–1.31] | 0.99 | 7.31·10−7 | 0.99 [0.76–1.29] | 0.94 | 1.03·10−5 | 0.93 [0.71–1.21] | 0.58 | 2.34·10−4 | 0.92 [0.71–1.20] | 0.56 | 6.87·10−4 |
| Q3 | 1.35 [1.04–1.77] | 0.03 | 1.34 [1.03–1.75] | 0.03 | 0.94 [0.73–1.22] | 0.66 | 0.94 [0.73–1.22] | 0.65 | ||||
| Q4 | 1.13 [0.86–1.48] | 0.37 | 1.11 [0.85–1.46] | 0.44 | 1.06 [0.82–1.36] | 0.65 | 1.05 [0.82–1.36] | 0.69 | ||||
| Q5 | 1.74 [1.34–2.24] | 2.43·10−5 | 1.69 [1.29–2.22] | 1.34·10−4 | 1.41 [1.10–1.82] | 7.70·10−3 | 1.38 [1.07–1.80] | 0.01 | ||||
Base model adjusted for sex, age at diagnosis and BMI and stratified by fasting glucose or HbA1c tertiles. Adjusted model includes sex, BMI, HDL, age at diagnosis, triglycerides, HbA1c at baseline, oral glucose lowering drugs, insulin use (for complication models) and eGFR (kidney function-related models) stratified by tertiles of glucose or HbA1c