Fig. 1.

Controlled high-density pulsed fed-batch fermentation of U. cynodontis ∆fuz7 at different pH values. a Yield in g_ITA g⁻¹_GLC (filled bars) and itaconate concentration (patterned bars) and b OD₆₀₀ during fermentation in a bioreactor containing batch medium without yeast extract with 50 g L⁻¹ glucose, and 0.8 g L⁻¹ NH₄Cl, pulsed twice with 50 mL of a 50% glucose stock, controlled at different pH values titrated with NaOH. Error bars indicate the deviation from the mean (n = 2) with the exception of the fermentation at pH 3.6, which shows a single representative culture