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. 2019 Dec 12;16:263. doi: 10.1186/s12974-019-1646-6

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© The Author(s). 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 6 — Schematic of the mechanism by which α-synuclein induces the accumulation of microglia through CXCL12/CXCR4. Released α-syn establishes a gradient in the space between the neurons and the microglia. α-Syn aggregates may bind to the TLR4 on microglia, eliciting an overexcretion of CXCL12 through TLR4/IκB-α/NF-κB signaling. CXCL12 participates in α-synuclein-induced microglial migration through binding to CXCR4 through the CXCL12/CXCR4/FAK/Src/Rac1 pathway. As a result, the microglia continue to migrate along the concentration gradient of α-syn and CXCL12 toward the sources of α-syn