Table 3.
Comparisons among DD levels, anxiety and depressive symptoms according to regimen of insulin (IR 1: n = 26, IR 2: n = 29, IR 3: n = 15)—Anova
| Variable | Mean ± SD/median | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| DDS | ||
| IR 1 | 46.31 ± 23.69/43.00 | 0.0392* |
| IR 2 | 38.45 ± 18.01/33.00 | |
| IR 3 | 28.00 ± 11.21/25.00 | |
| DDS-S1 | ||
| IR 1 | 16.58 ± 8.74/15.00 | 0.0383* |
| IR 2 | 13.52 ± 8.62/10.00 | |
| IR 3 | 9.53 ± 6.08/8.00 | |
| DDS-S2 | ||
| IR 1 | 6.92 ± 5.02/4.50 | 0.4587 |
| IR 2 | 6.10 ± 3.78/4.00 | |
| IR 3 | 5.67 ± 3.66/4.00 | |
| DDS-S3 | ||
| IR 1 | 18.15 ± 8.07/17.50 | 0.0043** |
| IR 2 | 13.79 ± 7.08/15.00 | |
| IR 3 | 9.80 ± 5.73/8.00 | |
| DDS-S4 | ||
| IR 1 | 7.31 ± 4.97/5.50 | 0.4053 |
| IR 2 | 5.24 ± 3.58/3.00 | |
| IR 3 | 5.69 ± 3.07/4.00 | |
| HAD-A | ||
| IR 1 | 8.23 ± 5.84/6.00 | 0.5052 |
| IR 2 | 7.48 ± 4.70/7.00 | |
| IR 3 | 7.80 ± 4.02/7.00 | |
| HAD-D | ||
| IR 1 | 7.23 ± 5.29/6.00 | 0.7756 |
| IR 2 | 6.90 ± 5.21/7.00 | |
| IR 3 | 5.60 ± 4.58/5.00 | |
IR 1—patients using fixed doses of insulin (basal/bolus), IR 2—patients using fixed doses of insulin (basal/bolus) plus pre-prandial correction of glycemia, IR 3—patients using variable doses of insulin (basal/bolus), according to carbohydrates counting plus pre-prandial correction of glycemia. * IR 1 DD > IR 3 DD; ** IR 1 DD and IR 2 DD > IR 3DD. DDS: Diabetes Distress Scale-total score; DDS-S1: emotional burden; DDS-S2: physician distress; DDS-S3: regimen distress; DDS-S4: interpersonal distress; HAD-A: anxiety symptoms (anxiety subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale); HAD-D: depressive symptoms (depression subscale of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Values expressed as mean, SD (standard deviation), and median