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. 2019 Dec 13;17:417. doi: 10.1186/s12967-019-02172-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Alterations in the levels of 40 plasma chemokines/cytokines pre- and post-HIV infection. a Comparison of the levels of 40 chemokines/cytokines pre- and post-HIV infection in the same individuals (n = 54). Graphs represent median ± interquartile range. The nonparametric Wilcoxon matched pairs test was used for evaluation of the significance of differences between groups. b Heat map showing the fold-change values of 18 chemokines/cytokines with levels significantly changed in each individual during HIV infection. White, non-significant fold-change in chemokine/cytokine levels between the two time points (HIV⁻ and HIV⁺). Blue and red, significantly decreased or increased fold-change in chemokine/cytokine levels between the two time points (HIV⁻ and HIV⁺), respectively. The darker and more saturated the color, the greater the extent of the fold-change. c Percentage change in the 18 chemokines/cytokines with significantly altered levels: CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13, CXCL16, CCL2, CCL3, CCL8, CCL11, CCL17, CCL20, CCL22, CCL23, CCL24, CCL25, CX3CL1, TNF-α, and IL-16. d Correlation analysis of plasma CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 levels in HIV⁻ and HIV⁺ samples. Pearson’s correlation coefficient values between chemokines are shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001