Table 2.

Family Child Care Providers Self-Reported Nutrition-Related Practices by Ethnicity

	Category	All % (n)	Hispanic % (n)	Non-Hispanic % (n)	p	Adjusteda
						Estimate (λ)	Z	p
						Positive nutrition practices
Encourage children to wait a few minutes before getting seconds so they can decide if they are still hungry.					0.0498*	−3.458	−4.496	0.001*
	Never	24.8 (41)	28 (33)	17 (8)
	Rarely	16.4 (27)	19.5 (23)	8.5 (4)
	Sometimes	23 (38)	20.3 (24)	29.8 (14)
	Often	11.5 (19)	10.2 (12)	14.9 (7)
	Very often	3.6 (6)	1.7 (2)	8.5 (4)
	Always	18.8 (31)	19.5 (23)	17 (8)
	Never serves seconds	1.8 (3)	0.8 (1)	4.3 (2)
Let children decide for themselves how much they should eat.					0.0002*	0.729	3.834	<0.001*
	Never	22.9 (38)	28.6 (34)	8.5 (4)
	Rarely	6 (10)	6.7 (8)	4.3 (2)
	Sometimes	14.5 (24)	8.4 (10)	29.8 (14)
	Often	12.7 (21)	12.6 (15)	12.8 (6)
	Very often	8.4 (14)	5 (6)	17 (8)
	Always	35.5 (59)	38.7 (46)	27.7 (13)
Ask children if they are hungry before serving them seconds.					0.4805	−4.573	−4.076	<0.001*
	Never	28.9 (48)	29.4 (35)	27.7 (13)
	Rarely	10.2 (17)	10.9 (13)	8.5 (4)
	Sometimes	11.4 (19)	11.8 (14)	10.6 (5)
	Often	11.4 (19)	14.3 (17)	4.3 (2)
	Very often	1.8 (3)	1.7 (2)	2.1 (1)
	Always	34.9 (58)	31.1 (37)	44.7 (21)
	Never serves seconds	1.2 (2)	0.8 (1)	2.1 (1)
Wait to give children seconds until they have finished another food on their plate.					0.0025*	−4.573	−4.076	<0.001*
	Never	16.3 (27)	16.8 (20)	14.9 (7)
	Rarely	7.8 (13)	8.4 (10)	6.4 (3)
	Sometimes	16.9 (28)	11.8 (14)	29.8 (14)
	Often	15.7 (26)	18.5 (22)	8.5 (4)
	Very often	1.8 (3)	0 (0)	6.4 (3)
	Always	39.8 (66)	43.7 (52)	29.8 (14)
	Never serves seconds	1.8 (3)	0.8 (1)	4.3 (2)
Ask the children if they are full before you remove an unfinished plate of food.					0.1996	−0.478	0.912	0.362
	Never	16.9 (28)	20.2 (24)	8.5 (4)
	Rarely	5.4 (9)	6.7 (8)	2.1 (1)
	Sometimes	15.1 (25)	14.3 (17)	17 (8)
	Often	9 (15)	9.2 (11)	8.5 (4)
	Very often	3 (5)	1.7 (2)	6.4 (3)
	Always	50.6 (84)	47.9 (57)	57.4 (27)
Encourage children to eat fruits and vegetables by telling them that they taste good.					0.0039*	−0.269	−0.515	0.607
	Never	4.8 (8)	3.4 (4)	8.5 (4)
	Rarely	0.6 (1)	0 (0)	2.1 (1)
	Sometimes	7.2 (12)	4.2 (5)	14.9 (7)
	Often	19.3 (32)	18.5 (22)	21.3 (10)
	Very often	5.4 (9)	3.4 (4)	10.6 (5)
	Always	62.7 (104)	70.6 (84)	42.6 (20)
Encourage children to eat a wide variety of foods.					0.3531	−0.368	0.523	0.704
	Never	0.6 (1)	0.8 (1)	0 (0)
	Rarely	1.2 (2)	1.7 (2)	0 (0)
	Sometimes	9.6 (16)	10.1 (12)	8.5 (4)
	Often	27.1 (45)	31.1 (37)	17 (8)
	Very often	3.6 (6)	3.4 (4)	4.3 (2)
	Always	57.8 (96)	52.9 (63)	70.2 (33)
Praise children when they try a new food.					0.4568	−0.216	−0.415	0.678
	Never	0.6 (1)	0 (0)	2.1 (1)
	Rarely	1.2 (2)	0.8 (1)	2.1 (1)
	Sometimes	8.4 (14)	8.4 (10)	8.5 (4)
	Often	19.3 (32)	21.8 (26)	12.8 (6)
	Very often	9 (15)	9.2 (11)	8.5 (4)
	Always	61.4 (102)	59.7 (71)	66 (31)
Show children that you enjoy fruits and vegetables so the children are more likely to eat them.					0.3029	−0.324	−0.621	0.535
	Rarely	0.6 (1)	0 (0)	2.1 (1)
	Sometimes	10.8 (18)	12.6 (15)	6.4 (3)
	Often	21.1 (35)	22.7 (27)	17 (8)
	Very often	10.8 (18)	10.9 (13)	10.6 (5)
	Always	56.6 (94)	53.8 (64)	63.8 (30)
Teach the children about the foods they are eating.					0.2311	−1.017	−1.899	0.058
	Never	0.6 (1)	0.8 (1)	0 (0)
	Rarely	1.8 (3)	1.7 (2)	2.1 (1)
	Sometimes	17.5 (29)	16.8 (20)	19.1 (9)
	Often	34.9 (58)	38.7 (46)	25.5 (12)
	Very often	12 (20)	8.4 (10)	21.3 (10)
	Always	33.1 (55)	33.6 (40)	31.9 (15)
Talk to children about the importance of healthy eating.					0.6321	−3.880	−4.455	<0.001*
	Agree a lot	90.4 (150)	89.1 (106)	93.6 (44)
	Agree a little	7.2 (12)	7.6 (9)	6.4 (3)
	Neither agree nor disagree	0.6 (1)	0.8 (1)	0 (0)
	Disagree a little	1.8 (3)	2.5 (3)	0 (0)
Talk to parents about the importance of healthy eating.					0.5449	−4.573	−4.076	<0.001*
	Agree a lot	76.5 (127)	79 (94)	70.2 (33)
	Agree a little	12.7 (21)	10.1 (12)	19.1 (9)
	Neither agree nor disagree	4.8 (8)	5 (6)	4.3 (2)
	Disagree a little	3 (5)	3.4 (4)	2.1 (1)
	Disagree a lot	3 (5)	2.5 (3)	4.3 (2)
Look for trainings to learn about healthy eating for children.					0.001*	−4.343	−1.017	<0.001*
	Agree a lot	82.5 (137)	89.9 (107)	63.8 (30)
	Agree a little	13.3 (22)	7.6 (9)	27.7 (13)
	Neither agree nor disagree	3 (5)	1.7 (2)	6.4 (3)
	Disagree a lot	0.6 (1)	0 (0)	2.1 (1)
Negative nutrition practices
Promise children a reward if they eat a specific food.					0.0085*	−4.573	−4.076	<0.001*
	Never	60.8 (101)	55.5 (66)	74.5 (35)
	Rarely	12.7 (21)	16.8 (20)	2.1 (1)
	Sometimes	18.7 (31)	16.8 (20)	23.4 (11)
	Often	4.8 (8)	6.7 (8)	0 (0)
	Always	3 (5)	4.2 (5)	0 (0)
Reward children with food or sweets when they are well behaved.					0.5821	−0.133	−0.382	0.265
	Never	72.9 (121)	73.1 (87)	72.3 (34)
	Rarely	12.7 (21)	11.8 (14)	14.9 (7)
	Sometimes	10.8 (18)	10.1 (12)	12.8 (6)
	Often	2.4 (4)	3.4 (4)	0 (0)
	Always	1.2 (2)	1.7 (2)	0 (0)
Encourage children to eat by using food as a reward.					0.4598	−3.880	−4.454	<0.001*
	Never	61.4 (102)	58 (69)	70.2 (33)
	Rarely	18.1 (30)	20.2 (24)	12.8 (6)
	Sometimes	14.5 (24)	14.3 (17)	14.9 (7)
	Often	3 (5)	4.2 (5)	0 (0)
	Very often	1.2 (2)	1.7 (2)	0 (0)
	Always	1.8 (3)	1.7 (2)	2.1 (1)
Give children something to eat to make them feel better when they are upset.					0.3762	−3.474	−4.518	<0.001*
	Never	68.5 (113)	65.3 (77)	76.6 (36)
	Rarely	17.6 (29)	21.2 (25)	8.5 (4)
	Sometimes	11.5 (19)	11 (13)	12.8 (6)
	Often	1.8 (3)	1.7 (2)	2.1 (1)
	Always	0.6 (1)	0.8 (1)	0 (0)
Watch and guide children's eating so that they don't eat less than providers think they should.					0.1157	−0.479	−0.913	0.361
	Never	10.9 (18)	11.9 (14)	8.5 (4)
	Rarely	7.3 (12)	5.1 (6)	12.8 (6)
	Sometimes	10.3 (17)	7.6 (9)	17 (8)
	Often	12.1 (20)	13.6 (16)	8.5 (4)
	Very often	7.3 (12)	5.9 (7)	10.6 (5)
	Always	52.1 (86)	55.9 (66)	42.6 (20)
Encourage children to finish their food even if they say they are not hungry.					0.0054*	−1.354	−2.478	0.013*
	Never	33.1 (55)	26.9 (32)	48.9 (23)
	Rarely	9.6 (16)	8.4 (10)	12.8 (6)
	Sometimes	23.5 (39)	21.8 (26)	27.7 (13)
	Often	13.3 (22)	16.8 (20)	4.3 (2)
	Very often	1.8 (3)	2.5 (3)	0 (0)
	Always	18.7 (31)	23.5 (28)	6.4 (3)
Eat chips, sweets, or fast food while you are caring for children.					0.018*	−2.781	−4.266	<0.001*
	Never	84.3 (140)	89.1 (106)	72.3 (34)
	Rarely	10.8 (18)	8.4 (10)	17 (8)
	Sometimes	4.8 (8)	2.5 (3)	10.6 (5)
Drink soda or other sugary drinks while you are caring for children.					0.3965	−4.573	−4.076	<0.001*
	Never	83.7 (139)	84.9 (101)	80.9 (38)
	Rarely	9 (15)	9.2 (11)	8.5 (4)
	Sometimes	6.6 (11)	5.9 (7)	8.5 (4)
Leave the TV on during children's meals and snacks.					0.2914	−2.270	−3.794	0.001*
	Never	87.3 (145)	89.1 (106)	83 (39)
	Rarely	6.6 (11)	6.7 (8)	6.4 (3)
	Sometimes	6 (10)	4.2 (5)	10.6 (5)
Play videos for the children during children's meals and snacks.					0.5767	−3.880	−4.455	<0.001*
	Never	86.1 (143)	88.2 (105)	80.9 (38)
	Rarely	7.2 (12)	6.7 (8)	8.5 (4)
	Sometimes	5.4 (9)	4.2 (5)	8.5 (4)
	Always	1.2 (2)	0.8 (1)	2.1 (1)

^aGeneral log-linear analysis controlled for education Italicized values refer to estimates for the model's constant. The models have only main effects included (and no interactions).

All variables were taken from the phone survey (n = 150).³⁷

^*p < 0.05.