Table 1.
Distribution of Demographic and Health-Related Characteristics According to HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders Status in Older Adults (≥50 Years Old) Living with HIV
| Variable | Total, n = 206 | Normal, n = 70 (34.0%) | ANI,n = 124 (60.2%) | MND, n = 12 (5.8%) | p* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male, n (%) | 177 (85.9) | 64 (91.4) | 104 (83.9) | 9 (75.0) | .185 |
| Age, mean ± SD | 60.5 ± 6.3 | 61.2 ± 6.6 | 60.0 ± 5.7 | 61.1 ± 9.0 | .396 |
| Education (years), mean ± SD | 12.7 ± 5.1 | 13.9 ± 5.0 | 12.3 ± 5.1 | 11.1 ± 5.5 | .059 |
| Number of comorbidities,a mean ± SD | 1.4 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.2 ± 1.0 | .390 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 34 (16.5) | 13 (18.6) | 19 (15.3) | 2 (16.7) | .842 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 59 (28.6) | 23 (32.9) | 32 (25.8) | 4 (33.3) | .542 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 105 (51.0) | 37 (52.9) | 63 (50.8) | 5 (41.7) | .772 |
| Hepatitis C virus coinfection, n (%) | 4 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | .266 |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD | 24.9 (3.9) | 24.5 ± 3.9 | 25.2 ± 3.9 | 24.9 ± 3.9 | .541 |
| Current or former smoker, n (%) | 33 (20.8) | 14 (27.5) | 18 (18.6) | 1 (9.1) | .275 |
| Current or former alcohol use, n (%) | 36 (22.6) | 15 (29.4) | 20 (20.6) | 1 (9.1) | .257 |
| CD4+ ≤200 cells/μl, n (%) | 13 (6.3) | 5 (7.1) | 7 (5.6) | 1 (8.3) | .879 |
| Nadir CD4+ cells/μl, mean ± SD | 158.6 ± 132.6 | 169.8 ± 138.8 | 164.3 ± 130.3 | 59.5 ± 85.0 | .047 |
| Undetectable HIV RNA, n (%) | 199 (96.6) | 67 (95.7) | 120 (96.8) | 12 (100.0) | .740 |
| Years infected with HIV, mean ± SD | 11.1 (5.5) | 11.1 (4.8) | 11.1 (5.7) | 11.5 (7.4) | .969 |
| Z-scores for cognitive domains assessed by the NEUROPSI neuropsychological battery | |||||
| Orientation, mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 1.0 | −0.01 ± 0.90 | −0.00 ± 1.10 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | .850 |
| Attention, mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.24 ± 0.91 | −0.12 ± 1.05 | −0.33 ± 0.79 | .014 |
| Visual memory, mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.26 ± 0.86 | −0.10 ± 1.05 | −0.65 ± 0.83 | .002 |
| Verbal memory, mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.41 ± 0.88 | −0.20 ± 0.98 | −0.58 ± 1.17 | <.001 |
| Language, mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.29 ± 0.73 | −0.13 ± 1.12 | −0.43 ± 0.67 | .002 |
| Visuospatial abilities, mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.15 ± 0.96 | −0.08 ± 1.01 | −0.15 ± 1.11 | .037 |
| Executive functions | |||||
| Conceptual, mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.31 ± 0.83 | −0.17 ± 1.04 | −0.23 ± 1.22 | <.001 |
| Motor, mean ± SD | 0.0 ± 1.0 | 0.40 ± 0.67 | −0.20 ± 1.06 | −0.53 ± 1.33 | <.001 |
| Frailty status | .002 | ||||
| Nonfrail, n (%) | 146 (70.9) | 51 (72.9) | 92 (74.2) | 3 (25.0) | |
| Prefrail, n (%) | 54 (26.2) | 18 (25.7) | 29 (23.4) | 7 (58.3) | |
| Frail, n (%) | 6 (2.9) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (2.4) | 2 (16.7) | |
a
Number of the comorbidities is the number of self-reported comorbidities, which include diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cancer, myocardial ischemia, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cirrhosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, and chronic kidney disease (higher score means more chronic diseases).
*
p-Value represents intergroup differences.
ANI, HIV-associated asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; MND, HIV-associated mild neurocognitive disorder; SD, standard deviation.