Table 2.
Biopsychosocial Impact of Civic Service Program Completion on Female Post-9/11/01 Era Veterans (N = 107)
| Outcome measures | n | Time 1, mean (SD) | Time 2, mean (SD) | Scale range and directionality | Mean change | z | p | r |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Health domain | ||||||||
| Perceived overall health | 100 | 2.95 (1.12) | 2.57 (1.09) | 1 (+) to 5 (−) | 0.40 | −3.397 | 0.001* | 0.24 |
| Perceived physical health interference | 97 | 1.73 (0.67) | 1.54 (0.67) | 1 (+) to 4 (−) | 0.16 | −2.051 | 0.040* | 0.15 |
| Perceived emotional health interference | 97 | 2.02 (0.90) | 1.70 (0.63) | 1 (+) to 4 (−) | 0.32 | −3.283 | 0.001* | 0.24 |
| Mental health domain | n | Time 1, mean (SD) | Time 2, mean (SD) | Scale range, direction, and cutoff | Mean change | z | p | r |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PTSD screening | 98 | 1.99 (1.74) | 1.31 (1.57) | 0 (+) to 4 (−) | 0.62 | −3.427 | 0.001* | 0.24 |
| ≥ 2 | ||||||||
| Depression screening | 99 | 1.85 (1.62) | 1.28 (1.62) | 0 (+) to 6 (−) | 0.59 | −3.328 | 0.001* | 0.24 |
| ≥ 3 |
| Psychosocial domain | n | Time 1, mean (SD) | Time 2, mean (SD) | Scale range, direction, and norm | Mean change | z | p | r |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PIL | 96 | 63.83 (10.87) | 66.78 (10.68) | 14 (−) to 84 (+) | −3.25 | −3.669 | 0.000* | 0.26 |
| 69.10 (9.5) | ||||||||
| Self-efficacy | 96 | 32.30 (5.13) | 33.74 (4.90) | 10 (−) to 40 (+) | −1.39 | −2.695 | 0.007* | 0.19 |
| 29.48 (5.13) | ||||||||
| Social isolation and loneliness | 98 | 45.25 (11.90) | 40.58 (12.71) | 20 (+) to 80 (−) | 4.61 | −4.776 | 0.000* | 0.34 |
| 34.09 (9.49) & 36.06 (10.11) | ||||||||
| Perceived availability of social support | 98 | 33.43 (8.80) | 36.49 (8.36) | 12 (−) to 48 (+) | −3.03 | −3.890 | 0.000* | 0.29 |
| 39.29 (0.09) |
n is the number of cases included in the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Time 1 represents the mean at pre-intervention and Time 2 represents post-intervention means. The possible score range is shown in the scale range and directionality column wherein (−) or (+) denotes whether the high or low score is associated with negative or positive outcomes, respectively. The scale range and direction column also include clinically designated cutoffs for the mental health domain as well as published norms (population means) for the psychosocial health domain (see Data Collection and Measures section for more details). Z statistic is from Wilcoxon signed rank test (two-tailed, α = 0.05). Published norms (population means) for the psychosocial health domain are in bold print.
Significance at the 0.05 alpha level. Cohen's (1988) criteria were used for interpretation of r effect sizes = small (0.1), medium (0.3), and large (0.5).
PIL, purpose in life; SD, standard deviation.