Table 1.
All Participants (N = 9,319) | No Chronic Conditions (n = 1,044) | 1 or 2 Chronic Conditions (n = 3,666) | ≥3 Chronic Conditions (n = 4,609) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (mean ± SD) | 78.58 ± 6.57 | 76,48 ± 5.64 | 77,85 ± 6.37 | 79,64 ± 6.73 |
Gender, N (%) | ||||
Male | 3,802 (40.8) | 440 (42.1) | 1,669 (45.5) | 1,693 (36.7) |
Female | 5,517 (59.2) | 606 (57.9) | 1,997 (54.5) | 2,916 (63.3) |
Education, N (%) | ||||
Low* | 2,993 (32.1) | 289 (25.8) | 1,103 (30.0) | 1,621 (35.2) |
Medium† | 5,301 (56.9) | 643 (61.6) | 2,088 (57.0) | 2,570 (55.8) |
High‡ | 1,025 (11.0) | 132 (12.6) | 475 (13.0) | 418 (9.1) |
Marital status, N (%) | ||||
Married | 4,675 (50.2) | 597 (57.2) | 2,012 (54.9) | 2,066 (44.8) |
Divorced | 609 (6.5) | 62 (5.9) | 186 (5.1) | 361 (7.8) |
Widow/widower/partner deceased | 3,403 (36.5) | 319 (30.6) | 1,206 (32.9) | 1,878 (40.7) |
Single | 475 (5.1) | 47 (4.5) | 195 (5.3) | 233 (5.1) |
Sustainable living/unmarried | 157 (1.7) | 19 (1.8) | 67 (1.8) | 71 (1.5) |
Living situation, N (%) | ||||
Independent alone | 4,405 (47.3) | 411 (39.4) | 1,560 (42.6) | 2,434 (52.8) |
Independent with others | 4,914 (52.7) | 633 (60.6) | 2,106 (57.4) | 2,175 (47.2) |
Socioeconomic status 2010 (mean ± SD) | 0.07 ± 1.01 | 0.11 ± 1.01 | 0.10 ± 1.03 | 0.02 ± 1.00 |
Chronic conditions (median ± IQR) | 2.00 [1.00–3.00] | 0.00 [0.00–0.00] | 2.00 [1.00–2.00] | 2.00 [2.00–4.00] |
Frailty§ [0.00–35.6] (median [IQR]) | 8.15 [4.95–12.6] | 3.00 [1.80–4.90] | 5.75 [4.00–8.40] | 11.75 [8.50–15.40] |
Number of IADL limitations [total 0–9] (median [IQR]) | 1.00 [0.00–3.00] | 1.00 [0.00–2.00] | 1.00 [0.00–2.00] | 2.00 [1.00–4.00] |
Difficulties grooming YES, N (%) | 215 (2.3) | 10 (1.0) | 53 (1.4) | 152 (3.3) |
Difficulties handling finances YES, N (%) | 2,120 (22.7) | 360 (34.5) | 866 (23.6) | 894 (19.4) |
Difficulties with household tasks YES, N (%) | 5,022 (53.9) | 291 (27.9) | 1,568 (42.8) | 3,163 (68.6) |
Difficulties preparing a meal YES, N (%) | 1,724 (18.5) | 103 (9.9) | 547 (14.9) | 1,074 (23.3) |
Difficulties handling medication YES, N (%) | 764 (8.2) | 40 (3.8) | 223 (6.1) | 501 (10.9) |
Difficulties with shopping YES, N (%) | 2,490 (26.7) | 103 (9.9) | 697 (19.0) | 1,690 (36.7) |
Difficulties using phone YES, N (%) | 379 (4.1) | 23 (2.2) | 108 (2.9) | 248 (5.4) |
Difficulties with traveling YES, N (%) | 2,830 (30.4) | 146 (14.0) | 780 (21.3) | 1,904 (41.3) |
Difficulties with walking YES, N (%) | 2,614 (28.1) | 121 (11.6) | 735 (20.0) | 1,758 (38.1) |
Notes: IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; IQR = interquartile range; N = number.
*Less than six classes of primary school, six primary school classes, more than primary school/primary school with uncompleted further education.
†Practical training, Secondary vocational education.
‡Preuniversity education, university/higher professional education.
§Operational definitions for frailty differed across studies: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081673