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. 2019 Feb 17;75(1):197–203. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glz049

Table 1.

Characteristics of Participants at Inclusion Stratified by Chronic Conditions

All Participants (N = 9,319) No Chronic Conditions (n = 1,044) 1 or 2 Chronic Conditions (n = 3,666) ≥3 Chronic Conditions (n = 4,609)
Age (mean ± SD) 78.58 ± 6.57 76,48 ± 5.64 77,85 ± 6.37 79,64 ± 6.73
Gender, N (%)
 Male 3,802 (40.8) 440 (42.1) 1,669 (45.5) 1,693 (36.7)
 Female 5,517 (59.2) 606 (57.9) 1,997 (54.5) 2,916 (63.3)
Education, N (%)
 Low* 2,993 (32.1) 289 (25.8) 1,103 (30.0) 1,621 (35.2)
 Medium 5,301 (56.9) 643 (61.6) 2,088 (57.0) 2,570 (55.8)
 High 1,025 (11.0) 132 (12.6) 475 (13.0) 418 (9.1)
Marital status, N (%)
 Married 4,675 (50.2) 597 (57.2) 2,012 (54.9) 2,066 (44.8)
 Divorced 609 (6.5) 62 (5.9) 186 (5.1) 361 (7.8)
 Widow/widower/partner deceased 3,403 (36.5) 319 (30.6) 1,206 (32.9) 1,878 (40.7)
 Single 475 (5.1) 47 (4.5) 195 (5.3) 233 (5.1)
 Sustainable living/unmarried 157 (1.7) 19 (1.8) 67 (1.8) 71 (1.5)
Living situation, N (%)
 Independent alone 4,405 (47.3) 411 (39.4) 1,560 (42.6) 2,434 (52.8)
 Independent with others 4,914 (52.7) 633 (60.6) 2,106 (57.4) 2,175 (47.2)
Socioeconomic status 2010 (mean ± SD) 0.07 ± 1.01 0.11 ± 1.01 0.10 ± 1.03 0.02 ± 1.00
Chronic conditions (median ± IQR) 2.00 [1.00–3.00] 0.00 [0.00–0.00] 2.00 [1.00–2.00] 2.00 [2.00–4.00]
Frailty§ [0.00–35.6] (median [IQR]) 8.15 [4.95–12.6] 3.00 [1.80–4.90] 5.75 [4.00–8.40] 11.75 [8.50–15.40]
Number of IADL limitations [total 0–9] (median [IQR]) 1.00 [0.00–3.00] 1.00 [0.00–2.00] 1.00 [0.00–2.00] 2.00 [1.00–4.00]
 Difficulties grooming YES, N (%) 215 (2.3) 10 (1.0) 53 (1.4) 152 (3.3)
 Difficulties handling finances YES, N (%) 2,120 (22.7) 360 (34.5) 866 (23.6) 894 (19.4)
 Difficulties with household tasks YES, N (%) 5,022 (53.9) 291 (27.9) 1,568 (42.8) 3,163 (68.6)
 Difficulties preparing a meal YES, N (%) 1,724 (18.5) 103 (9.9) 547 (14.9) 1,074 (23.3)
 Difficulties handling medication YES, N (%) 764 (8.2) 40 (3.8) 223 (6.1) 501 (10.9)
 Difficulties with shopping YES, N (%) 2,490 (26.7) 103 (9.9) 697 (19.0) 1,690 (36.7)
 Difficulties using phone YES, N (%) 379 (4.1) 23 (2.2) 108 (2.9) 248 (5.4)
 Difficulties with traveling YES, N (%) 2,830 (30.4) 146 (14.0) 780 (21.3) 1,904 (41.3)
 Difficulties with walking YES, N (%) 2,614 (28.1) 121 (11.6) 735 (20.0) 1,758 (38.1)

Notes: IADL = instrumental activities of daily living; IQR = interquartile range; N = number.

*Less than six classes of primary school, six primary school classes, more than primary school/primary school with uncompleted further education.

Practical training, Secondary vocational education.

Preuniversity education, university/higher professional education.

§Operational definitions for frailty differed across studies: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081673