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Western blot analysis of GRP78 (BIP), CHOP, IRE1α, XBP1s (spliced XBP1), ATF4 and ATF6 in NHOKs treated with EC aerosols (n=3, *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01). The results confirmed that GRP78, CHOP, IRE1α, XBP1s and ATF4 were significantly up-regulated in NHOKs by EC aerosols.
