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. 2019 May 25;111(12):1263–1278. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djz103

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Published by Oxford University Press 2019. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the United States.

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Figure 1. — Forest plots for associations between cigarette smoking status and biliary tract cancer risk by anatomic site in the Biliary Tract Cancers Pooling Project. Hazard ratios for former vs never smoking (A, C, E, G) and current vs never smoking (B, D, F, H) are adjusted for sex (male, female), race (white, black, Asian and Pacific Islander, other), education (less than high school graduate, high school graduate, some college or post-high school training), body mass index in kg per m² (<18.5, 18.5–<25, 25–<30, ≥30), diabetes (ever vs never diagnosed), birth cohort (1870–1899, 1900–1909, 1910–1919, 1920–1929, 1930–1939, 1940–1949, 1950–1959, 1960–1982), and alcoholic drinks per day (0, >0–0.5, >0.5–1, 1–<3, ≥3). Small black-filled diamonds represent the point estimates for each study. Horizontal lines represent 95% confidence intervals; if ending in an arrow, the interval transcends the region plotted. % weight describes the weight (inverse variance) each study contributed to the summary hazard ratio. Study weight is also represented by the shaded gray region around each study-specific point estimate. I² is the percentage of variation due to between-study heterogeneity. Summary hazard ratios (dotted lines) and 95% confidence intervals (hollow diamonds) were estimated via random-effects meta-analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. P values were calculated using the Wald test. Some additional studies collected information on cigarette smoking status but could not contribute to this meta-analysis because they did not have a sufficient number of biliary tract cancer patients who were former or current smokers. AgHealth = Agricultural Health Study; BCDDP = Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project; CI = confidence interval; COSM = Cohort of Swedish Men; CPS–II NC = Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort; EPIC = European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; HR = hazard ratio; HPFS = Health Professionals Follow–Up Study; IWHS = Iowa Women’s Health Study; JPHC = Japan Public Health Center-based prospective Study 1 and 2; MCCS = Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study; MEC = Multiethnic Cohort Study; NHS = Nurses’ Health Study; NIH-AARP = National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study; NYUWHS = New York University Women’s Health Study; PHS = Physicians’ Health Study; PLCO = Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial; RERF = Radiation Effects Research Foundation Life Span Study; SCHS = Singapore Chinese Health Study; SCS = Shanghai Cohort Study; SISTER = Sister Study; SMC = Swedish Mammography Cohort; VITAL = VITamins and Lifestyle Study; WHI = Women’s Health Initiative; WHS = Women’s Health Study; WLHS = Women’s Lifestyle and Health Study.

Figure 1. — Forest plots for associations between cigarette smoking status and biliary tract cancer risk by anatomic site in the Biliary Tract Cancers Pooling Project. Hazard ratios for former vs never smoking (A, C, E, G) and current vs never smoking (B, D, F, H) are adjusted for sex (male, female), race (white, black, Asian and Pacific Islander, other), education (less than high school graduate, high school graduate, some college or post-high school training), body mass index in kg per m² (<18.5, 18.5–<25, 25–<30, ≥30), diabetes (ever vs never diagnosed), birth cohort (1870–1899, 1900–1909, 1910–1919, 1920–1929, 1930–1939, 1940–1949, 1950–1959, 1960–1982), and alcoholic drinks per day (0, >0–0.5, >0.5–1, 1–<3, ≥3). Small black-filled diamonds represent the point estimates for each study. Horizontal lines represent 95% confidence intervals; if ending in an arrow, the interval transcends the region plotted. % weight describes the weight (inverse variance) each study contributed to the summary hazard ratio. Study weight is also represented by the shaded gray region around each study-specific point estimate. I² is the percentage of variation due to between-study heterogeneity. Summary hazard ratios (dotted lines) and 95% confidence intervals (hollow diamonds) were estimated via random-effects meta-analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. P values were calculated using the Wald test. Some additional studies collected information on cigarette smoking status but could not contribute to this meta-analysis because they did not have a sufficient number of biliary tract cancer patients who were former or current smokers. AgHealth = Agricultural Health Study; BCDDP = Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project; CI = confidence interval; COSM = Cohort of Swedish Men; CPS–II NC = Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort; EPIC = European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition; HR = hazard ratio; HPFS = Health Professionals Follow–Up Study; IWHS = Iowa Women’s Health Study; JPHC = Japan Public Health Center-based prospective Study 1 and 2; MCCS = Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study; MEC = Multiethnic Cohort Study; NHS = Nurses’ Health Study; NIH-AARP = National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study; NYUWHS = New York University Women’s Health Study; PHS = Physicians’ Health Study; PLCO = Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial; RERF = Radiation Effects Research Foundation Life Span Study; SCHS = Singapore Chinese Health Study; SCS = Shanghai Cohort Study; SISTER = Sister Study; SMC = Swedish Mammography Cohort; VITAL = VITamins and Lifestyle Study; WHI = Women’s Health Initiative; WHS = Women’s Health Study; WLHS = Women’s Lifestyle and Health Study.