Table 2.
Military History, PTSD Status, PTSD Treatment History, and Baseline Assessments
| Variable | TW (n = 141) |
No TW (n = 129) |
Total (N = 270) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Length of past military service (years) | 8.3 | 6.6 | 8.7 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 6.6 |
| Duration of PTSD (years) | 13.7 | 11.2 | 13 | 11.2 | 13.4 | 11.2 |
| Total CAPS (lifetime) | 83.1 | 18.3 | 86.7 | 18.3 | 84.8 | 18.3 |
| PCL-5 past month (current) | 43.8 | 16.5 | 46.3 | 17.4 | 45.1 | 17 |
| Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | 26 | 6.0 | 25.5 | 5.7 | 25.5 | 5.8 |
| Cumulative Illness Rating Scale | ||||||
| Categories Endorsed (n) | 4.0 | 1.9 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 2.2 |
| Total Score | 6.4 | 3.5 | 6.5 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 4.2 |
| Severity Index | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
| Quality of Life Inventory | −0.15 | 2.21 | −0.06 | 1.95 | −0.11 | 2.09 |
| PTSD-Related Functional Inventory | 93.3 | 29.9 | 99.9 | 29.6 | 96.4 | 29.9 |
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Branch of Service | ||||||
| Army | 86 | 61.0 | 85 | 65.9 | 171 | 63.3 |
| Navy | 32 | 22.7 | 17 | 13.2 | 49 | 18.1 |
| Marine Corp | 11 | 7.8 | 21 | 16.3 | 32 | 11.9 |
| Air Force | 14 | 9.9 | 11 | 8.5 | 25 | 9.3 |
| National Guard, Coast Guard, NOAA | 10 | 7.1 | 13 | 10.1 | 23 | 8.5 |
| Period of Service | ||||||
| Vietnam conflict | 15 | 10.6 | 11 | 8.5 | 26 | 9.6 |
| May 1975-Jul 1990 | 48 | 34.0 | 30 | 23.3 | 78 | 28.9 |
| Persian Gulf War | 30 | 21.3 | 26 | 20.2 | 56 | 20.7 |
| March 1991-August 2001 | 44 | 31.2 | 40 | 31.0 | 84 | 31.1 |
| OIF/OEF/OND | 74 | 52.5 | 88 | 68.2 | 162 | 60.0 |
| Served in Combat Zone | 95 | 67.4 | 103 | 79.8 | 198 | 73.3 |
| Primary Type of Trauma | ||||||
| Combat-related (non-sexual) | 77 | 54.6 | 87 | 67.4 | 164 | 60.7 |
| Military sexual trauma | 20 | 14.2 | 20 | 15.5 | 40 | 14.8 |
| Other Military-related | 23 | 16.3 | 11 | 8.5 | 34 | 12.6 |
| Civilian adult trauma | 11 | 7.8 | 5 | 3.9 | 16 | 5.9 |
| Childhood trauma | 10 | 7.1 | 6 | 4.7 | 16 | 6 |
| PCL-5, current diagnostic threshold (≥33) | 104 | 73.8 | 100 | 77.5 | 204 | 75.6 |
| PCL-5, current severity | ||||||
| Very mild (0–18) | 10 | 7.1 | 10 | 7.8 | 20 | 7.4 |
| Mild (19–37) | 34 | 24.1 | 26 | 20.2 | 60 | 22.2 |
| Moderate (38–59) | 73 | 51.8 | 65 | 50.4 | 138 | 51.1 |
| Severe (60–80) | 21 | 14.9 | 28 | 21.7 | 49 | 18.1 |
| Received treatment for PTSD within past 90 days | 137 | 97.2 | 118 | 91.5 | 255 | 94.4 |
| MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview | ||||||
| Major Depression (past) | 74 | 52.5 | 58 | 45.0 | 132 | 48.9 |
| Major Depression (current) | 26 | 18.4 | 28 | 21.7 | 54 | 20.0 |
| Bipolar II or NOS (past) | 4 | 2.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 4 | 1.5 |
| Agoraphobia (current) | 31 | 22.0 | 28 | 21.7 | 59 | 21.9 |
| Panic (lifetime) | 38 | 27.0 | 24 | 18.6 | 62 | 23.0 |
| Social Anxiety (current) | 22 | 15.6 | 18 | 14.0 | 40 | 14.8 |
| Obsessive Compulsive (current) | 9 | 6.4 | 10 | 7.8 | 19 | 7.0 |
| Psychotic Disorder or Features (lifetime) | 5 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1.9 |
| Alcohol Use Disorder (past year) | 44 | 31.2 | 34 | 26.4 | 78 | 28.9 |
| Substance Use Disorder (past year) | 26 | 18.4 | 14 | 10.8 | 40 | 14.8 |
| Ohio State University Traumatic Brain Injury | ||||||
| Mild TBI | 46 | 35.7 | 37 | 33.0 | 83 | 34.4 |
| Moderate TBI | 13 | 10.1 | 9 | 8.0 | 22 | 9.1 |
| Severe TBI | 2 | 1.6 | 4 | 3.6 | 6 | 2.5 |
| Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale | ||||||
| Score <25 | 65 | 46.1 | 57 | 44.2 | 122 | 45.2 |
| Score ≥25 | 76 | 53.9 | 71 | 55.0 | 147 | 54.4 |
| Quality of Life Inventory | ||||||
| Score < 0 | 72 | 51.1 | 60 | 46.5 | 132 | 48.9 |
| Score ≥ 0 | 64 | 45.4 | 64 | 49.6 | 128 | 47.4 |
CAPS = Clinician Administered PTSD Scale; PCL = PTSD Checklist; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale score range 10–40 and <25 = low self-esteem; Quality of Life Inventory score range −6 to 6 and ≥ 0 = higher life satisfaction; Post-Traumatic Stress Related Functional Inventory score range 0–165; Cumulative Illness Rating Scale score range 0–56.