Table 4.
Adjusted Analyses of Baseline Variables in Terms of Employment Outcomes
| Employment Outcome | Baseline Variables* that reached p ≤ 0.2 in univariate model | Baseline variable remaining significant in multivariable model | Univariate OR | Univariate OR (95% CI) | Multivariable OR | Multivariable OR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steady Worker | Age, race, marital status, period of service, combat zone, housing, transportation, trauma type, previous employment, time unemployed | Age (yrs) | 1.05 | 1.02, 1.08 | 0.95 | 0.93, 0.98 |
| Housing (no vs yes, adequate) | 3.66 | 1.08, 12.38 | 3.89 | 1.13, 13.36 | ||
| Obtained a competitive job within 6 mo | Age, race, marital status, period of service, combat zone, housing, transportation, trauma type, previous employment, time unemployed, ±TW | TW (yes vs no, engagement) | 3.40 | 1.98, 5.84 | 2.49 | 1.39, 4.47 |
| Age (yrs) | 1.07 | 1.04, 1.10 | 0.96 | 0.93, 0.99 | ||
| Transportation (no vs yes, own) | 2.88 | 1.55, 5.34 | 2.28 | 1.16, 4.48 | ||
| Time unemployed | 1.41 | 1.21, 1.65 | 0.81 | 0.69, 0.95 | ||
| Obtained a competitive job within 12 mo | Age, race, period of service, combat zone, trauma type, PTSD treatment, previous employment, time unemployed, ±TW | Age (yrs) | 1.07 | 1.03, 1.12 | 0.94 | 0.90, 0.99 |
| Combat zone (no vs yes) | 4.62 | 1.31, 16.29 | 3.75 | 1.29, 10.93 | ||
| Obtained a competitive job within 18 mo | Age, race, period of service, combat zone, housing, transportation, trauma type, PTSD treatment, previous employment, time unemployed | Age (yrs) | 1.06 | 1.03, 1.08 | 0.97 | 0.94, 0.99 |
| Combat zone (no vs yes) | 2.54 | 1.46, 4.41 | 2.00 | 1.16, 3.44 | ||
| Previous employment (0 vs ≥1 competitive jobs in 3 years) | 4.13 | 2.41, 7.10 | 3.02 | 1.7, 5.37 | ||
| Held full-time competitive job (≥30 hrs/wk) | Age, race, period of service, combat zone, housing, transportation, trauma type, previous employment, time unemployed | Age (yrs) | 1.06 | 1.03, 1.09 | 0.96 | 0.93, 0.98 |
| Housing (no vs yes, adequate) | 2.72 | 1.22, 6.06 | 2.53 | 1.06, 6.06 | ||
| Primary trauma (combat vs other) | 3.09 | 1.84, 5.20 | 2.22 | 1.27, 3.87 | ||
| Previous employment (0 vs ≥1 competitive jobs in 3 years) | 3.45 | 1.97, 6.02 | 2.18 | 1.18, 4.00 | ||
| Job Class 1, 2, 3 | PTSD treatment, previous employment, time unemployed | Previous employment (0 vs ≥1 competitive jobs in 3 years) | 3.02 | 1.12, 8.11 | 3.70 | 1.25, 10.95 |
| Job Class 4,5 | Age, race, period of service, combat zone, housing, transportation, trauma type, previous employment, time unemployed | Transportation (no vs yes, own) | 2.93 | 1.60, 5.37 | 2.62 | 1.42, 4.85 |
| Previous employment (0 vs ≥1 competitive jobs in 3 years) | 2.43 | 1.35, 4.38 | 2.12 | 1.16, 3.88 | ||
| Job Class 6 | ±TW | TW (yes vs no, engaged) | 0.36 | 0.21, 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.21, 0.59 |
| Job Class 7 | Race, marital status, housing, transportation, ±TW | TW (yes vs no, engaged) | 0.22 | 0.13, 0.36 | 0.20 | 0.12, 0.35 |
| Race (non-white vs white) | 1.40 | 0.86, 2.26 | 1.85 | 1.07, 3.18 | ||
| Housing (no vs yes, adequate) | 0.28 | 0.13, 0.61 | 0.33 | 0.15, 0.76 |
| Multivariable Regression model results | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Employment Outcome | Variable remaining in stepwise model | Parameter estimate | p-value | Final Model |
| Income from competitive jobs, ($) | Age Married (No/Yes) | −380.65 4998.41 | <0.0001 0.0273 | Income in $ = 25283 − 380.65 (Age) + 4998.41 (Married) |
| Income from all sources including TW, ($) | Age | −321.50 | 0.0011 | Income in $= 27904 −321.50 (Age) |
| Weeks competitively employed | Age No. competitive jobs past 3 yrs | −0.31 5.87 | 0.0004 0.0044 | Number Weeks = 20.95 − 0.31 (Age) + 5.87 (No. competitive jobs past 3 yrs) |
The baseline variables included in univariate model were age (years), race (non-white vs white), marital status (married vs other), period of service (pre- vs post-9/11), combat zone (no vs yes), housing (no vs yes adequate), transportation (own vs other), trauma type (combat vs. other primary trauma), past or current PTSD treatment (no vs yes), previous employment (0 vs ≥1 competitive jobs in 3 years), time unemployment prior to baseline, and TW engagement (yes vs no). Job Class refers to the Hollingshead Job Classification code. Note: coding in all models was TW(yes) = 0 and TW(no) = 1.
Hollingshead Job Classification 1=higher executive, major professional, owner of larger business; 2=managers of medium-sized businesses, lesser professions, i.e. nurses, opticians, pharmacists, social workers, teachers; 3=administrative personnel, manager, minor professional, owner or proprietor of small business; 4 =clerical, sales, technicians, small businesses, bank teller, bookkeeper, clerk, timekeeper, secretary; 5=skilled labor, i.e. baker, barber, chef, electrician, fireman, machinist, mechanic, painter, repairman, tailor, welder, police, plumber; 6=semi-skilled, i.e. hospital aide, bartender, bus driver, cutter, cook, garage guard, checker, waiter, spot welder, machine operator; 7=unskilled, i.e. attendant, janitor, construction helper, labor, porter.