Table 4.

Workplace alcohol and drug policies in relation to prevalence of past-month drug use among 16,610 construction trade/extraction workers in the US, 2005–2014

	Marijuana	Cocaine	Prescription Opioids
	aOR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)	aOR (95% CI)
Written Workplace Drug Policy
No	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	0.99 (0.81–1.20)	0.57 (0.34–0.97)^a	0.76 (0.53–1.08)
Given Drug Education at Work
No	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	1.00 (0.79–1.26)	1.26 (0.70–2.29)	0.79 (0.56–1.13)
Help Available at Work for Drug Problems
No	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	0.90 (0.69–1.18)	0.67 (0.28–1.57)	0.95 (0.64–1.40)
Workplace Ever Tests for Drug Use
No	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	0.88 (0.26–3.03)	0.24 (0.03–2.06)	0.78 (0.11–5.82)
Workplace Ever Tests for Alcohol Use
No	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	0.66 (0.50–0.87)^b	0.42 (0.21–0.82)^a	0.76 (0.51–1.14)
Workplace Tests for Drug Use During Hiring Process
No	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	0.66 (0.47–0.94)^c	1.82 (0.74–4.48)	1.52 (0.90–2.57)
Random Drug Testing at Workplace
No	1.00	1.00	1.00
Yes	0.54 (0.40–0.72)^a	0.85 (0.52–1.36)	0.89 (0.57–1.40)
Outcome if Test Positive for Drug Use at Workplace
Handle on Individual Basis	1.00	1.00	1.00
Fired	0.69 (0.50–0.96)^c	0.81 (0.42–1.54)	0.86 (0.47–1.56)
Referred for Help	0.95 (0.62–1.43)	0.50 (0.18–1.41)	0.75 (0.37–1.53)
Other or Nothing	1.92 (1.06–3.46)^c	0.66 (0.09–4.67)	0.76 (0.28–2.08)

Note. aOR: adjusted odds ratio (controlling for year of survey, age, sex, race, marital status, and educational attainment); CI: confidence interval. We included a missing data indicator for the three last workplace drug testing variables to prevent those coded by NSDUH as “legitimate skip” from being listwise deleted (aORs for legitimate skip not presented).

p < .05,

p < .01,

p <.001