. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 13.

Published in final edited form as: J Marriage Fam. 2017 Jul 26;80(1):166–181. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12432

Table 3.

Coefficients from ordinary least squares regression models estimating child outcomes as a function of mother’s time with children and parenting package indicators, PSID Child Development Supplement (1997–2007)

	Broad Reading		Applied Problems		Externalizing Behavior		Internalizing Behavior
	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE	B	SE
Ages 6–11 years
Mother-child total time (weekly hours)	0.055	0.027^*	0.001	0.029	−0.006	0.007	−0.006	0.005
Child time in educational or structured activities (weekly hours)	0.418	0.122^**	0.305	0.120^*	−0.004	0.029	−0.028	0.021
Punitive parenting	1.177	0.429^**	0.289	0.451	0.384	0.107^***	0.029	0.077
Parental school involvement	1.268	0.565^*	1.560	0.616^*	−0.258	0.135	−0.137	0.103
Parent-child discussions	−0.170	0.510	0.286	0.558	−0.065	0.131	−0.015	0.096
Emotional support	−2.032	1.284	0.249	1.370	−0.355	0.309	−0.797	0.220^***
Cognitive stimulation	1.936	0.927^*	0.849	0.974	0.015	0.220	0.326	0.155^*
Intercept	103.19	4.095^***	91.55	4.527^***	8.02	0.924^***	1.93	0.716^**
N (person-wave records)	2143		2180		2300		2302

Ages 12–17 years
Mother-child total time (weekly hours)	0.070	0.028^*	0.029	0.022	−0.024	0.007^***	−0.009	0.005
Child time in educational or structured activities (weekly hours)	0.173	0.071^*	0.146	0.064^*	−0.056	0.016^***	−0.035	0.014^*
Punitive parenting	−0.027	0.472	−0.303	0.449	0.646	0.119^***	0.206	0.092^*
Parental school involvement	−2.051	0.645^**	−1.817	0.668^**	0.301	0.173	0.220	0.152
Parent-child discussions	0.966	0.378^*	0.539	0.397	0.075	0.118	−0.139	0.105
Emotional support	0.670	1.848	1.140	1.580	−1.849	0.505^***	−0.737	0.400
Cognitive stimulation	6.431	1.175^***	5.134	1.021^***	−1.033	0.283^***	−0.090	0.224
Intercept	100.85	5.874^***	101.99	4.856^***	15.98	1.494^***	6.90	1.222^***
N (person-wave records)	1977		1978		2023		2019

^***

p<.001,

^**

p<.01,

p<.05

Notes: Models are weighted. Parenting scales (punitive parenting, parental school involvement, parent-child discussions, emotional support, cognitive stimulation) are standardized to have a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1. All models are clustered on the child and include controls for child characteristics (age, gender, race/ethnicity, number of siblings, whether low birthweight), primary caregiver characteristics (age, education, employment status, union status), and diary characteristics (whether diary day typical, who completed diary). Complete list of model coefficients and standard errors shown in Appendix Table A2.