| All | Ages 6–11 years | Ages 12–17 years | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Dependent variables | ||||||
| Woodcock-Johnson broad reading score (age-standardized) | 105.83 | 17.05 | 107.52 | 16.29 | 104.31 | 17.57 |
| Woodcock-Johnson applied problems score (age-standardized) | 107.49 | 16.45 | 108.95 | 16.76 | 106.19 | 16.05 |
| Behavior Problems Index - externalizing | 5.21 | 3.96 | 5.35 | 3.82 | 5.09 | 4.08 |
| Behavior Problems Index - internalizing | 2.99 | 3.03 | 2.97 | 2.87 | 3.01 | 3.16 |
| Independent variables | ||||||
| Mother-child total time (weekly hours) | 35.56 | 17.26 | 38.31 | 15.84 | 32.81 | 18.17 |
| Mother-child engaged time (weekly hours) | 16.73 | 12.28 | 19.66 | 11.55 | 13.80 | 12.28 |
| Mother present, not engaged (weekly hours) | 18.83 | 13.27 | 18.65 | 12.22 | 19.01 | 14.24 |
| Child time in educational or structured activities (weekly hours) | 3.21 | 5.50 | 1.82 | 3.43 | 4.59 | 6.70 |
| Punitive parenting | 3.31 | 1.28 | 3.17 | 1.33 | 3.44 | 1.22 |
| Parental school involvement | 1.24 | 0.69 | 1.51 | 0.68 | 0.98 | 0.60 |
| Parent-child discussions | 2.80 | 0.47 | 2.82 | 0.42 | 2.78 | 0.51 |
| Emotional support | 5.90 | 3.76 | 6.09 | 4.86 | 5.72 | 2.15 |
| Cognitive stimulation | 6.17 | 3.56 | 6.05 | 4.58 | 6.29 | 2.09 |
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Age in years | 11.44 | 3.23 | 8.71 | 1.74 | 14.17 | 1.73 |
| Male | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.50 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 0.65 | 0.48 | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.48 |
| African-American | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.15 | 0.35 |
| Latino | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.15 | 0.36 |
| Other race | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.07 | 0.25 |
| Number of siblings | 1.69 | 1.45 | 1.53 | 1.07 | 1.86 | 1.74 |
| Was low birthweight | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.24 |
| Primary caregiver characteristics | ||||||
| Age in years | 38.44 | 6.47 | 35.69 | 5.81 | 41.19 | 5.90 |
| Education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 0.13 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.14 | 0.34 |
| High school | 0.32 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 0.30 | 0.46 |
| Some college | 0.26 | 0.44 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.25 | 0.44 |
| College or more | 0.24 | 0.42 | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.26 | 0.44 |
| Employment status | ||||||
| Employed | 0.63 | 0.48 | 0.62 | 0.49 | 0.64 | 0.48 |
| Unemployed | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.21 |
| Out of labor force | 0.33 | 0.47 | 0.34 | 0.47 | 0.31 | 0.46 |
| Union status | ||||||
| Married to other biological/adoptive parent | 0.67 | 0.47 | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 0.47 |
| Married to child’s step-parent | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.25 |
| Cohabiting with other biological/adoptive parent | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.12 |
| Cohabiting with stepparent | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.11 |
| Unpartnered | 0.24 | 0.43 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.24 | 0.43 |
| Diary characteristics | ||||||
| Weekday diary day is typical/very typical | 0.70 | 0.46 | 0.73 | 0.44 | 0.67 | 0.47 |
| Weekend diary day is typical/very typical | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.59 | 0.49 | 0.52 | 0.50 |
| Typicality of weekday diary day missing | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.03 | 0.17 |
| Typicality of weekend diary day missing | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.20 |
| Caregiver wrote/helped with weekday diary | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0.80 | 0.40 | 0.55 | 0.50 |
| Caregiver wrote/helped with weekend diary | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.80 | 0.40 | 0.52 | 0.50 |
| Who completed weekday diary missing | 0.06 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.27 |
| Who completed weekend diary missing | 0.07 | 0.25 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.30 |
| Wave | ||||||
| Wave 1 (1997) | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.30 |
| Wave 2 (2002) | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.47 | 0.50 | 0.44 | 0.50 |
| Wave 3 (2007) | 0.28 | 0.45 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.46 | 0.50 |
| N (person-wave records) | 4,696 | |||||
Note: Observations are pooled across waves. Statistics are weighted and clustered on the child.